戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记自己整理版Word文档格式.docx

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戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记自己整理版Word文档格式.docx

③Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservations;

④Alinguistictheoryisconstructed.

[B]ThescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics普通语言学:

thestudyoflanguageasawhole从整体研究

1.Phonetics:

thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsounds(orthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)(Howspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified)

2.Phonology:

isessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.(Howsoundsformsystemsandfunctiontoconveymeaning)

3.Morphology:

thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords(howmorphemesarecombinedtoformwords)

4.Syntax:

thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformpermissiblesentences(howmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences)

5.Semantics:

thestudyofmeaninginabstraction

6.Pragmatics:

thestudyofmeaningincontextofuse

Sociolinguistics:

thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety

Psycholinguistics:

thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofthemind

Appliedlinguistics:

theapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning

Anthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics;

mathematicallinguistics;

computationallinguistics

[C]Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics

①Prescriptivevs.Descriptive规定性与描写性

②Synchronicvs.Diachronic共时性与历时性(现代英语多研究共时性)

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintime;

Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.

③Speechandwriting言语与文字

Spokenlanguageisprimary,notthewritten

④Langueandparole语言和言语

ProposedbySwisslinguistsF.deSausse(sociological)

Langue:

referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity(指一个话语社团所有成员共有的语言系统)

Parole:

referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse(指语言在实际运用中的实现)

⑤Competenceandperformance语言能力与语言运用

ProposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky(psychological)

Competence:

theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.(理想的语言使用者关于语言规则方面的知识)

Performance:

theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticscommunication.(这种知识在语言交流中的具体实现)

Whatislanguage?

什么是语言

[A]Thedefinitionoflanguage

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.(语言是一个具有任意性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统。

a)System:

combinedtogetheraccordingtorules(根据规则组合在一起)

b)Arbitrary:

nointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor(语言符号和符号所代表的事物之间没有内在的必然的联系)

c)Vocal:

theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages(所有语言的首要媒介都是声音)

d)Human:

languageishuman-specific(语言是人类所独有的)

[B]Designfeatures(uniqueproperties):

thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication(识别特征是指人类语言区别于任何动物交际系统的本质特征)

①Arbitrariness(任意性)

Thereisnologicalornaturalconnectionbetweenalinguisticform(eithersoundorword)anditsmeaning.

Whilelanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.(意义和语音之间没有什么逻辑的联系;

虽然是任意性的,但并非完全任意)

a)echoofthesoundsofobjectsoractivities:

onomatopoeicwords(拟声词)

b)somecompoundwords(某些复合词)

②Productivity(能产性,创造性)

Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.(Creativityoropen-endedness)

★③Duality(双重结构性,两重性或二元性)

Languageisorganizedattwolevelsorlayerssimultaneously.Thelowerorbasiclevelisastructureofsoundswhicharemeaningless.Thehigherlevelismorphemeorword(doublearticulation)(语言是一个系统,包含两组结构或者两个层面。

在较低/基本层面存在着语音结构,其自身没有什么意义;

较高层面存在着意义单位;

结构的双重性/语言的双层性)

④Displacement(跨时空性,移位性)

Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker(refertopastandfuturetimeandtootherlocations)

⑤Culturaltransition(文化传递性)

Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis(everyonewasbornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage),thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnt.

Theabove5propertiesmaybetakenasthecorefeaturesofhumanlanguage.

Chapter2Phonology音位学

[A]Thedefinitionofphonetics(语音学)

Phonetics:

thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage:

itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.(是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究,它关注语言世界中的所有语音)

Articulatoryphonetics:

thestudyofhowspeechsoundsaremade,orarticulated.(发音语音学)

Acousticphonetics:

dealswiththephysicalpropertiesofspeechassoundwavesintheair.(听觉语音学)

Auditory(orperceptual)phonetics:

dealswiththeperception,viatheear,ofspeechsounds.(声学语音学)

[B]Organs

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