高三学生必备高中化学方程式及考点总结总 精品Word格式.docx
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3F2(过量)+Cl2===2ClF3(ClF3+3H2O==3HF+HClO3)
Cl2+H22HCl(将H2在Cl2点燃;
混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸)
3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl5Cl2+2Na2NaCl
3Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3Cl2+CuCuCl2
Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3(在水溶液中:
Cl2+2Fe2+===2Fe3++3Cl)
Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2Br=2Cl+Br2
Cl2+2KI===2KCl+I2Cl2+2I=2Cl+I2
3Cl2(过量)+2KI+3H2O===6HCl+KIO33Cl2+I–+3H2O=6H++6Cl–+IO3–
5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl–+IO3–+12H+
Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S↓Cl2+S2–=2Cl–+S↓
Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S↓(水溶液中:
Cl2+H2S=2H++2Cl–+S↓
Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl
Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Cl–
Cl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2Cl2+H2O2=2H++Cl–+O2
2O2+3FeFe3O4O2+K===KO2
S+H2H2S2S+CCS2S+ZnZnS
S+FeFeS(既能由单质制取,又能由离子制取)
S+2CuCu2S(只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取)
3S+2AlAl2S3(只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取)
N2+3H22NH3N2+3MgMg3N2N2+3CaCa3N2
N2+3BaBa3N2N2+6Na2Na3NN2+6K2K3N
N2+6Rb2Rb3NN2+2Al2AlN
P4+6H24PH3P+3NaNa3P2P+3ZnZn3P2
H2+2Li2LiH
2、还原性
S+O2SO2S+H2SO4(浓)3SO2↑+2H2O
S+6HNO3(浓)H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2OS+4H++6==6NO2↑+2H2O+
3S+4HNO3(稀)3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O3S+4H++43SO2+4NO↑+2H2O
N2+O22NO
4P+5O2P4O10(常写成P2O5)
2P+3X22PX3(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)PX3+X2PX5
P4+20HNO3(浓)4H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2O
C+2F2CF4C+2Cl2CCl4
C+O2(足量)CO22C+O2(少量)2CO
C+CO22COC+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤气)
2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅)
Si(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2===Si(纯)+4HCl)
Si(粉)+O2SiO2Si+CSiC(金刚砂)
Si+2NaOH+H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2↑(Si+2OH+H2O=+2H2↑)
3、歧化反应
Cl2+H2O==HCl+HClO(加碱或光照促进歧化:
(Cl2+H2OH++Cl–+HClO)
Cl2+2NaOH==NaCl+NaClO+H2O(Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)
Cl2+2Ca(OH)2==CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O(Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)
3Cl2+6KOH(浓)5KCl+KClO3+3H2O(3Cl2+6OH–5Cl–+ClO3–+3H2O)
3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O(3S+6OH–2S2–+SO32–+3H2O)
4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O==PH3↑+3KH2PO2(4P+3OH–+3H2O==PH3↑+3H2PO2–)
11P+15CuSO4+24H2O==5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4
3C+CaOCaC2+CO↑
3C+SiO2SiC+2CO↑
二.金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu)的还原性
1铝和镁
2Na+H2=2NaH4Na+O2==2Na2O2Na2O+O22Na2O2
2Na+O2=Na2O22Na+S==Na2S(爆炸)
2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2↑2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH―+H2↑
2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H2↑2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2―+H2↑
4Na+TiCl4=4NaCl+TiMg+Cl2=MgCl2Mg+Br2=MgBr2
2Mg+O2=2MgOMg+S=MgS
2Cu+S=Cu2S(Cu2S只能由单质制备)
Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H2↑
2Mg+TiCl4=Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl=MgCl2+2Rb
2Mg+CO2=2MgO+C2Mg+SiO2=2MgO+Si
Mg+H2S==MgS+H2
Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2↑(Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑)
2钠三角
2Al+3Cl2=2AlCl3
4Al+3O2===2Al2O3(常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化,在氧气中燃烧)
4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg(铝汞齐)
4Al+3MnO2=2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3=Al2O3+2Cr(铝热反应)
2Al+Fe2O3=Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeO=Al2O3+3Fe
2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑
2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑
2Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化)
Al+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2OAl+4H++NO3–=Al3++NO↑+2H2O
2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2↑2Al+2OH–+2H2O=2AlO2–+3H2↑
Fe到Fe2+的离子或化学方程式:
2Fe3++Fe=3Fe2+,Cu2++Fe=Fe2++Cu,2H++Fe=Fe2++H2,S+Fe=(加热)FeS,I2+Fe=FeI2
Fe2+到Fe的离子或化学方程式:
Zn+Fe(NO3)2=Zn(NO3)2+Fe,2Al+3Fe(NO3)2=2Al(NO3)3,C+2FeO=(加热)2Fe+CO2,CO+FeO=(加热)Fe+CO2,H2+FeO=(加热)Fe+H2O
Fe到Fe3+的离子或化学方程式:
3Cl2+2Fe=2FeCl3,3Br2+2Fe=2FeBr3,6HNO3+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+3H2O+3NO6H2SO4浓+2Fe=Fe2(SO4)3+6H2O+3SO2,
2Ag++Fe=Fe2++2Ag(只有Ag+是不可能生成Fe3+的)
Fe3+到Fe的离子或化学方程式:
3Zn+2Fe3+=3Zn2++2Fe,Al+Fe3+=Al3++Fe,3CO+Fe2O3=2Fe+3CO2,3C+2Fe2O3=4Fe+3CO2,
3H2+Fe2O3=2Fe+3H2O
Fe2+到Fe3+的离子或化学方程式:
O2+4FeO=2Fe2O3,Cl2+FeCl2=2FeCl3,Br2+FeBr2=2FeBr3,8HNO3+2FeO=2Fe(NO3)3+4H2O+2NO2,H2O2+2Fe2+=2Fe3++2(OH)-
Fe3+到Fe2+的离子或化学方程式:
Fe+Fe3+=2Fe2+,Cu+2Fe3+=Cu2++2Fe2+,H2S+Fe2O3=2FeO+H20+S,SO2+Fe2O3=2FeO+SO3,2I-+2Fe3+=2Fe2++I2,
2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr33Fe+2O2Fe3O42Fe+O22FeO(炼钢过程)
Fe+I2FeI2
Fe+SFeS(FeS既能由单质制备,又能由离子制备)
3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2↑
Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑
Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+CuFe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu↓
Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn↓Fe+Sn2+=Fe2++Sn↓
三.非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)金属氢化物(NaH)
1、还原性:
4HCl(浓)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O4H++2Cl–+MnO2Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2O
4HCl(浓)+PbO2PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O4H++2Cl–+PbO2Pb2++Cl2↑+2H2O
4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O
16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O
16H++10Cl-+2MnO4–=2Mn2++5Cl2↑+8H2O
6HCl+KClO3==KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O6H++5Cl–+ClO3–=3Cl2↑+3H2O
14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O
14H++6Cl–+Cr2O72–=2Cr3++5Cl2↑+7H2O
2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2
2HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2(F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)
2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2(Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)
2H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量)2S↓+2H2O
2H2S+SO2===3S↓+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)===S↓+SO2↑+2H2O
3H2S+2HNO3(稀)===3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O
3H2S+2H++2NO3–=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O
5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O
5H2S+2MnO4–+6H+=2Mn2++5S↓+8H2O
3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S↓+7H2O
3H2S+Cr2O72–+8H+===2Cr3++3S↓+7H2