国际视野的城市公共交通外文翻译文档格式.docx

国际视野的城市公共交通外文翻译文档格式.docx

《国际视野的城市公共交通外文翻译文档格式.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《国际视野的城市公共交通外文翻译文档格式.docx（10页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

UrbanPublicTransportinanInternationalPerspective

MaterialSource:

UrbanTransportDevelopmentAuthor:

HansÖ

rn

Introduction

Oneofthestrikingcharacteristicsofourtimehasbeentherapidurbanizationprocessinmanyoftheso-calleddevelopingcountries-aprocessthatisstillongoing.WhentheBritishleftIndia,Dhakawasatownofsome400,000inhabitants-aboutthesameasGÖ

teborgtoday.NewYork,LondonandPariswerethebigcitiesthen.50yearslater,Dhakabelongstotheworld’snewmegacitieswithover10millioninhabitants.Suchrapidgrowthnaturallyputspressureonallcityfunctions,notleasttransportation,whichisthecirculationsystemoftheurbanorganism.

Everyoneagreesthatpublictransportisanessentialcomponent,particularlyinlow-incomecities.Advisorsandconsultantshaveanimportantroletoplayinassistinginthedevelopmentofsustainablepublictransportsystems.However,thediscussionoftenfocusesontechnology,suchaswhetherrailorbusisthe“best”solution.Inreality,thedecisiveissuesareoftenofadifferentnaturesuchas:

●Rolesoftheprivateandthepublicsector?

●Socialserviceorbusiness?

●Shouldpoliticiansormarketforcesdecide?

●Regulationorderegulation?

●Isitsmallthatisbeautiful-orbig?

Organizationalmodesforpublictransport

TheSouth-WestSector-the”classicalEuropeanModel”

Apublictransportsystemcanbedescribedintwodimensions,oneaxisbeingthenetworkandservicestructure,theotherbeingtheorganizationalstructure.

Theservicestructureaxisrangesfroma“coordinatednetwork”toa“fragmentednetwork”.The“coordinatednetwork”isanintegratedcombinationofroutesandservices,operatedbyafleetofvehiclesunderorganizedconditionsinanintegratedfaresystem.The“fragmentednetwork”isinrealitynotanetworkatallbutanumberofindividualroutes,separatedfromeachother.Theorganizationalstructureaxisrangesfromamonopolytoasituationwith“fullcompetition”.Thiscreatesfourdifferentcombinationswhichcanbeseenasrepresentingdifferentpossiblescenariosforacity.

The“classicalEuropeanmodel”isrepresentedbythesouth-westarea.ThisisthepredominantsystemthatEuropeancities-EastorWesthaveappliedformanyyears,andbyandlargeithasservedthemwell!

Thepublictransportsystemisonesingleentity（eventhoughitcanbecomposedofdifferenttechnicalsub-systemssuchasbusorrail）,andcan,therefore,provideanintegratedandcoordinatedservicetothewholecity.Theflipsideofthecoinisapublicsectormonopolythatisoftenneithercost-effectivenormarket-oriented.

Acoordinatedroutenetwork

Onecharacteristicfeatureofanefficientpublictransportsystemisadifferentiatedroutenetwork.Inanintegratedsystem,differentroutetypesanddifferentvehicletypeshavedifferentrolestoplay.

Incitieswithheavyrailsystems,busesnormallyactasfeeders.Inothercities,high-capacitybusesformtrunklines,andsmallerbusesarefeeders.Itisparticularlyimportantthattrunklinesaregivenhighmobility,anddesignatedbuslanesare,therefore,oftendesignedalongsuchcorridors.

Designatedbuslanes

Anefficientpublictransportsystemrequiresmobility,sothatareasonablyhighoperatingspeedcanbeachieved.Thisisfortworeasons:

（1）toensurethethebestpossibleeconomicefficiencyand

（2）tomakethesystemattractive.Thismakesitnecessarytoallocateseparatespacetobusesandtrams.

InoldEuropeancities,however,roadspaceisoftenlimitedduetotheexistenceofahistoriccitycentre.Itis,therefore,seldompossibleto“buildaway”theproblemswithnewinfrastructure.Instead,existingroadsandstreetshavetobeusedasefficientlyaspossible,andthismakesitnecessarytodesignbuslanescarefullywithaslittleeffectaspossibleonothertraffic.

Forhigh-capacitybusandtramwaylines,mid-roadlanesareoftenpreferred.Butmanyothersolutionshavetobeconsidered,suchaskerb-sidelanes.Itisimportanttorealizethattherearenotailor-madesolutions-eachcitymustfinditsownoptimalsystem.

Efficientandattractivetransferterminals

Inanintegratedsystem,transfersarenecessary.Thisisparticularlytruewhenapartofthesystemconsistsofhigh-capacitycorridorswhich,ofnecessity,cannotcoverthewholecity.Transferstationsshouldbedesignedtoofferpassengerscomfortandalsotospeedupthetransferprocess,sothateconomyofoperationispreserved.

Thederegulatedmodel

CitieslikeStockholm,LondonandMoscowhavesharedthesamegeneralconcept.Theyhaveconsideredpublictransporttobeaservicefunctioncomparabletoelectricity,watersupplyorwastecollection-allofwhicharerunasbranchesofthecityadministration.

Intheoppositecornerofthegraph,theNorth-Eastsegment,