英语考试英语语言学实用教程课后习题答案参考文档格式.docx

英语考试英语语言学实用教程课后习题答案参考文档格式.docx

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Note:

Allnormalhumaninfantscanlearntospeaksomelanguage.

（4）Bycreativitywemeanthecreativeuseoflanguageasoftenpracticedbypoets.F

Note:

Bycreativitywemeanthatwecanalwayscreateandunderstandnewsentencesneverusedbefore.

（5）Withdifferentculturestherewillbedifferentlanguages.F

Someculturescansharethesamelanguage.

（6）Notallusesoflanguagearemeanttoconveynewinformation.T

Example:

languageusedforphaticcommunionisnotmeanttoconveynewinformation.

■In-ClassActivities

1.ASK:

（1）Whatdoes“language”meanineachofthecontexts?

a.anaturallanguage;

languageinparticular.

b.ahuman-specifictoolforcommunication;

languageingeneral.

c.individualstyleoflanguageuse.

d.ametaphoricalwayofreferringtobees’systemofcommunication.

（2）Isthereanyothercontextinwhichtheuseofthewordmeanssomethingelse?

Yes.Example:

languageforthecomputerlikeC+

2.ASK:

（1）Whatiftherewerenolanguage?

Omit.

（2）Whatiftherewereonlyonelanguagetheworldover?

（3）WhatcanwelearnfromthisBiblestory?

Languageispowerfulasatoolofhumancommunication.

3.ASK:

（1）Doyouthinkthetwostatementsareequallyprobable,andifnot,whynot?

（a）ismorelikelythan（b）,becausethewordasthebasicunitofmeaningthatcanoccurindependentlyinlanguageisfiniteinnumber,whereasthesentenceascomposedofwords,thoughalmostinfiniteinnumber,ismadepossiblebyourknowledgeofvocabularyandgrammar.Wecanalwaysproduceandunderstandsentencesthatwenevercomeacrossbefore.Inthatsense,nosentenceisreallynew.

（2）Inwhatcontextdowemakethesecondstatement?

Whenwefocusourattentiononthemeaningofasentenceorwhenweareconcernedwiththeformofasentenceasfoundinalanguageclass.

4.ASK:

（1）ArethereonomatopoeicwordsinChinese?

Yes.e.g.“哗啦”、“扑通”、“喀嚓”.

（2）Doestheexistenceofonomatopoeicwordsoverthrowtheclaimthatlanguageisarbitrary?

No.Onomatopoeicwordsaccountforaverylimitedpercentageinthevocabularyofalanguage.

5.ASK:

（1）Canonereallyinventalanguageofone’sown?

No.

（2）Ifnot,why?

Alanguagecomesintobeingandusebyconventionoragreementamongitsspeakers.

6.ASK:

（1）Isthereanybasicflawinthisexperiment?

Theprocessisnotstrictlycontrolled.Theremayhavebeensomecoincidence.Thesamplesizeistoosmallfortheexperimenttobevalid.

（2）Doyouthinkwereallycananswerthequestionaboutthebeginningoflanguage?

No,atleastinthepresentconditionwhere/whenwecannotperformexperimentsonthehumanbrain,thekeyorganofspeech.

7.ASK:

（1）Canyouidentifythemostlikelyorder（fromleasttomostadvanced）ofthesesamples?

C→B→A

（2）Whatfeaturesineachchild’sutterancescanyouuseasevidencetosupportyourordering?

ChildA:

goodsyntaxexceptforimproperquestionform.

ChildB:

visibledevelopmentofsyntax;

overgeneralization

ChildC:

Notmuchsyntax;

two-wordutterances;

telegraphicsentences（sentencesthatcontainonlycontentwordsbutlackfunctionwords）

8.ASK:

（1）Itisoftenassumedthatchildrenimitateadultsinthecourseoflanguageacquisition.Canimitationaccountfortheaboveproductiononthepartofthechild?

Notwholly.Thereiscounterevidenceagainsttheassumption,liketheovergeneralization“go-ed”for“went”.

（2）Whatdistinguishesthechild’sproductionfromthatoftheadult?

Overgeneralizationof“-ed”forthepasttenseasshownby“holded”.

9.ASK:

（1）Howdoadultsreinforcetheprocessofchildren’sacquisitionasexemplifiedhere?

Theyuseexplicitcorrection.

（2）Dochildrenknowwhattheyaredoingwrongly?

Notexactly.

（3）Dotheadultssucceedintheirreinforcement?

Notalways,atleast.

（4）Howshouldwetreatthe“mistakes”thatchildrenmakewhileacquiringtheirmothertongue?

Wemayignorethemsometimes,althoughsomeamountofreinforcementmayturnouttobehelpful.

10.ASK:

（1）Dochildrenlearnthroughstructuredorsimplifiedinput,assuggested?

Notalways.Thereisevidenceforbothsides.

（2）Canyouoffersomeexamplesillustrating,representingthewayadultstalktoinfants?

Omit.

Mothereseischaracterizedbyshortersentences,higherpitch,exaggeratedintonation,higherproportionofcontentwordstofunctionwords,simplesyntax,moreinterrogativesandimperatives,morerepetitions.Yetitisnotsyntacticallysimpler.Rather,itmayincludesyntacticallycomplexsentencessuchasquestions