英语四级必备语法知识Word文件下载.docx

英语四级必备语法知识Word文件下载.docx

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　　3）将来完成进行时:

将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.

　　Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.

　　Inanothermonth’stimeshe’llhavebeenstudyinghereforthreeyears.

　　4）将来完成时（由shall/willhave+过去分词构成）:

将来某时已发生的事.

　　Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.

　　They’llhavehittheyear’stargetbytheendofOctober.

　　语态

　　可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:

　　Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.

　　Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.

　　能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.

　　Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.

　　Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.

　　担当besupposedto与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:

　　Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?

Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeedlimit.（你应该晓得速度限制）

　　双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态

　　双宾语结构的被动语态:

双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.

　　Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.

　　Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.

　　宾补结构的被动语态:

　　ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.

　　Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.

　　Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.

　　Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.

　　短语动词

　　Vi+adv

　　Theplanetookofftwohourslate.

　　Vi+prep

　　TheylookedroundtheCathedral.

　　Vi+prep（有被动语态）

　　She’slookingafterhersister’schildren.

　　Thechildrenwerealwayswelllookedafter.

　　Vi+adv+prep

　　Ibegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.

　　Vt+O+adv

　　Somewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.

　　Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.

　　Theytookhimon.

　　Vt+adv+O（无被动语态）

　　Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.

　　Vt+O+prep

　　WetalkedDonaldintoagreement.

在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略:

在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a）,或者主语是itb）,就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分（特别是动词be）省略掉.

　　Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.

　　Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.

　　Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject.

　　Althoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport.

　　Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.

　　Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.

　　Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong.

　　Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout.

　　Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry.

　　Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth.

　　Fillintheapplicationasinstructed.

　　Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.

　　Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned.

　　Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.

　　Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.

　　IfnecessaryI’llhavetheletterduplicated.

　　Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere（ver）necessary.

　　Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.

　　Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.

　　在以thana）或asb）引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.

　　Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan（itis）necessary.

　　Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.

　　Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople（did）.

　　Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.

　　Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.

　　Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.

　　错误的省略

　　HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.

　　Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.

　　一致

　　如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.

　　Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.

　　Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.

　　Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.

代词作主语时的一致

　　each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.

　　Eachofushassomethingtosay.

　　Iseverybodyready?

　　Somebodyisusingthephone.

　　Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.

　　Haseitherofthemtoldyou?

　　some,few,both,many等作复数

　　some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.

　　none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念,但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:

　　Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus

　　Noneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.

　　None（=notasingleone）ofushasgotacamera.

　　None（=nobody）hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.

　　Noneofthisworriesme.

　　all和most可后接复数,也可接不可数名词（allofthe…,mostofthe…）,动词用单数.

　　由and或both…and连接名词词组时,后用复数;

由notonly…but（a