On Slips of the Tongue of Chinese English Learners12页Word文档下载推荐.docx

On Slips of the Tongue of Chinese English Learners12页Word文档下载推荐.docx

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OnSlipsoftheTongueofChineseEnglishLearners12页@#@OnSlipsoftheTongueofChineseEnglishLearners@#@　　1.Introduction@#@　　1.1Definitionofslipsofthetongue@#@　　Slipsofthetonguearecommonandfrequentlyinterestingphonicerrors.MaybewearenotsurethatW.A.Spooner（1844-1930）isthefirstpersontomakesuchmistakes，buthewaswellknownforaword“Spoonerism”（AppendixI），whichisthefamouswordtodescribethephenomenonofslipsofthetongueintheearlytime.Healwaysmademistakesaboutthefirstsoundofthewords.Forexample，heoncesaid‘weallknowthefeelingwhenwehaveahalf-warmedfishinourhearts’，whichheintendedtosay‘weallknowthefeelingwhenwehaveahalf-formedwishinourhearts’.Peoplearoundhimfoundthathealwaysmadesuchmistakesaboutthefirstsoundofthewords.Therefore，peoplewhoanalyzedW.A.Spooner’speakingbehaviorfeltinterestinganddescribedthisphenomenonas‘Spoonerism’，andthemeaningofthiswordindictionaryisthetranspositionoftheinitialconsonantsorconsonantclustersofapairofwords，oftenresultinginanamusingambiguityofmeaning，suchas“hushmybrat”for“brushmyhat”（CollinsEnglishDictionary，21stCenturyEdition）.@#@　　Dell（1986）definedslipsoftongueas‘unintended，nonhabitualdeviationsfromaspeechplan’inhisbookSpreadingActivationTheoryRetrievalinSentenceProductionPsychologicalReview（Dell，1986：

@#@284）.Fromthis，wecanfindtwostandardsforthecharacteristicsoftheslipsoftongue：

@#@thefirstoneisthattheremustbeerrors，andthesecondoneisthattheerrorscanbecorrected.So，whenaconversationisover，peoplealwaysknownothingaboutwhattheyhavesaidandtakelittlecareabouttheirslipsofthetongue.　　Freud（1901）wasalsothepersonwhopaysseriousattentiontoslipsofthetongue.Hebelievedthateveryslipofthetonguewasaconsequenceofdeeperunconsciousmotivationsthatallowedexpressionthroughsucherrors.Andwecallhistheoryas‘Freudianslips’.InhisbookPsychopathologyofEverydayLife，hepointedoutthatspeechdisturbancemaybecausedthroughtheinfluenceoffore-sounds，after-sounds，wordsfromthesamesentencethatwereintendedforexpression，aswellasthroughtheeffectofwordsoutsidethesentenceintended，thestimulusofwhichwouldotherwisenothavebeensuspected（SigmundFreud，1901）.@#@　　Also，peopleattachmoreandmoreimportancetoslipsofthetongueinChina.ZhangChunchao，afamouslinguist，believedthatthespeechisplannedinadvance，sothespeecherroriscontributedtolinguisticsmechanismratherthanthemotivationofconsciousnessinhisworkThePhenomenonofSlipsofTheTongue，Types，Causes，Solutions.@#@　　Aswetalk，weunconsciouslymakemorekindsoflittleerrorsthanweprobablythinkwedo.Usuallyweeitherdon’tnoticethematallorwegobackandcorrectthemsoquicklythatwewillstillcommittheerrorsontheotheroccasions.@#@　　1.2ThecurrentsituationofaverageChineseEnglish-learners@#@　　EvenforusuniversitystudentswhohavealreadystudiedEnglishfornearlyeightyears，itisstilldifficultforustospeakoutwhatwereallywanttosay.Indailylife，it’sverycommontohearChinesestudents’slipsoftongue，especiallywhenthestudentsarecommunicatingwitheachotherafterclass.However，withoutothers’correction，theycouldtendtocorrectatonceifrealizingit.@#@　　Severaldaysago，ImetoneofmyforeignfriendsinXihuEnglishCorner.Whenheaskedmewhentoleave，Ireplied“Iwillleft（leave）soon”.Ofcourse，Iknewthegrammar，butIdidn’tknowhowtheword“left”cameout.@#@　　Thiskindofphenomenonoccursalmosteverywhere—inEnglishlessons，Englishcorners，andsoon.Therefore，wemightinferthatnearlyallChineseEnglishlearnershavetheproblemoftheslipsoftongue，andthesufficientsolutionsoftheslipsoftongueshouldbeprovidedtothepublictoarisetheChineseEnglishlearners’awareness，withtheaimofimprovingtheChineseEnglishlearners’Englishlevel.@#@　　2.TheReasonsThatCauseSlipsoftheTongue@#@　　2.1InfluenceofPsychology@#@　　Weallexperiencethephenomenonofslipsofthetongue，whenweareexcited，confused，happyandsadorinterruptedbysomeotherthings.Wemightknowthattheeyesarethewindowofourheart，similarly，andthemouthcanalsotobeamirrorofourthought.Freud（1901）wasalsothepersonwhopaysseriousattentiontoslipsofthetongue.Hebelievedthateveryslipofthetonguewasaconsequenceofdeeperunconsciousmotivationsthatallowedexpressionthroughsucherrors，andwecallthistheoryas‘Freudianslips’.Inourdailylife，someslipsofthetonguearealwayscausedpsychologicallyandalwayscanreflectourintentions，wishes，motivations，emotionsandsoon.Takemyexperienceforexample，lastweek，ImetoneofmyfriendsElsaonWenyiRoad.Whensheaskedm