On Slips of the Tongue of Chinese English Learners12页Word文档下载推荐.docx
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OnSlipsoftheTongueofChineseEnglishLearners12页@#@OnSlipsoftheTongueofChineseEnglishLearners@#@ 1.Introduction@#@ 1.1Definitionofslipsofthetongue@#@ Slipsofthetonguearecommonandfrequentlyinterestingphonicerrors.MaybewearenotsurethatW.A.Spooner(1844-1930)isthefirstpersontomakesuchmistakes,buthewaswellknownforaword“Spoonerism”(AppendixI),whichisthefamouswordtodescribethephenomenonofslipsofthetongueintheearlytime.Healwaysmademistakesaboutthefirstsoundofthewords.Forexample,heoncesaid‘weallknowthefeelingwhenwehaveahalf-warmedfishinourhearts’,whichheintendedtosay‘weallknowthefeelingwhenwehaveahalf-formedwishinourhearts’.Peoplearoundhimfoundthathealwaysmadesuchmistakesaboutthefirstsoundofthewords.Therefore,peoplewhoanalyzedW.A.Spooner’speakingbehaviorfeltinterestinganddescribedthisphenomenonas‘Spoonerism’,andthemeaningofthiswordindictionaryisthetranspositionoftheinitialconsonantsorconsonantclustersofapairofwords,oftenresultinginanamusingambiguityofmeaning,suchas“hushmybrat”for“brushmyhat”(CollinsEnglishDictionary,21stCenturyEdition).@#@ Dell(1986)definedslipsoftongueas‘unintended,nonhabitualdeviationsfromaspeechplan’inhisbookSpreadingActivationTheoryRetrievalinSentenceProductionPsychologicalReview(Dell,1986:
@#@284).Fromthis,wecanfindtwostandardsforthecharacteristicsoftheslipsoftongue:
@#@thefirstoneisthattheremustbeerrors,andthesecondoneisthattheerrorscanbecorrected.So,whenaconversationisover,peoplealwaysknownothingaboutwhattheyhavesaidandtakelittlecareabouttheirslipsofthetongue. Freud(1901)wasalsothepersonwhopaysseriousattentiontoslipsofthetongue.Hebelievedthateveryslipofthetonguewasaconsequenceofdeeperunconsciousmotivationsthatallowedexpressionthroughsucherrors.Andwecallhistheoryas‘Freudianslips’.InhisbookPsychopathologyofEverydayLife,hepointedoutthatspeechdisturbancemaybecausedthroughtheinfluenceoffore-sounds,after-sounds,wordsfromthesamesentencethatwereintendedforexpression,aswellasthroughtheeffectofwordsoutsidethesentenceintended,thestimulusofwhichwouldotherwisenothavebeensuspected(SigmundFreud,1901).@#@ Also,peopleattachmoreandmoreimportancetoslipsofthetongueinChina.ZhangChunchao,afamouslinguist,believedthatthespeechisplannedinadvance,sothespeecherroriscontributedtolinguisticsmechanismratherthanthemotivationofconsciousnessinhisworkThePhenomenonofSlipsofTheTongue,Types,Causes,Solutions.@#@ Aswetalk,weunconsciouslymakemorekindsoflittleerrorsthanweprobablythinkwedo.Usuallyweeitherdon’tnoticethematallorwegobackandcorrectthemsoquicklythatwewillstillcommittheerrorsontheotheroccasions.@#@ 1.2ThecurrentsituationofaverageChineseEnglish-learners@#@ EvenforusuniversitystudentswhohavealreadystudiedEnglishfornearlyeightyears,itisstilldifficultforustospeakoutwhatwereallywanttosay.Indailylife,it’sverycommontohearChinesestudents’slipsoftongue,especiallywhenthestudentsarecommunicatingwitheachotherafterclass.However,withoutothers’correction,theycouldtendtocorrectatonceifrealizingit.@#@ Severaldaysago,ImetoneofmyforeignfriendsinXihuEnglishCorner.Whenheaskedmewhentoleave,Ireplied“Iwillleft(leave)soon”.Ofcourse,Iknewthegrammar,butIdidn’tknowhowtheword“left”cameout.@#@ Thiskindofphenomenonoccursalmosteverywhere—inEnglishlessons,Englishcorners,andsoon.Therefore,wemightinferthatnearlyallChineseEnglishlearnershavetheproblemoftheslipsoftongue,andthesufficientsolutionsoftheslipsoftongueshouldbeprovidedtothepublictoarisetheChineseEnglishlearners’awareness,withtheaimofimprovingtheChineseEnglishlearners’Englishlevel.@#@ 2.TheReasonsThatCauseSlipsoftheTongue@#@ 2.1InfluenceofPsychology@#@ Weallexperiencethephenomenonofslipsofthetongue,whenweareexcited,confused,happyandsadorinterruptedbysomeotherthings.Wemightknowthattheeyesarethewindowofourheart,similarly,andthemouthcanalsotobeamirrorofourthought.Freud(1901)wasalsothepersonwhopaysseriousattentiontoslipsofthetongue.Hebelievedthateveryslipofthetonguewasaconsequenceofdeeperunconsciousmotivationsthatallowedexpressionthroughsucherrors,andwecallthistheoryas‘Freudianslips’.Inourdailylife,someslipsofthetonguearealwayscausedpsychologicallyandalwayscanreflectourintentions,wishes,motivations,emotionsandsoon.Takemyexperienceforexample,lastweek,ImetoneofmyfriendsElsaonWenyiRoad.Whensheaskedm