On Slips of the Tongue of Chinese English Learners12页Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、On Slips of the Tongue of Chinese English Learners12页#On Slips of the Tongue of Chinese English Learners#1. Introduction #1.1 Definition of slips of the tongue #Slips of the tongue are common and frequently interesting phonic errors. Maybe we are not sure that W. A. Spooner （1844-1930） is the first

2、person to make such mistakes， but he was well known for a word “Spoonerism” （Appendix I）， which is the famous word to describe the phenomenon of slips of the tongue in the early time. He always made mistakes about the first sound of the words. For example， he once said we all know the feeling when w

3、e have a half-warmed fish in our hearts， which he intended to say we all know the feeling when we have a half-formed wish in our hearts. People around him found that he always made such mistakes about the first sound of the words. Therefore， people who analyzed W. A. Spooner speaking behavior felt i

4、nteresting and described this phenomenon as Spoonerism， and the meaning of this word in dictionary is the transposition of the initial consonants or consonant clusters of a pair of words， often resulting in an amusing ambiguity of meaning， such as “hush my brat” for “brush my hat” （Collins English D

5、ictionary， 21st Century Edition）. #Dell （1986） defined slips of tongue as unintended， nonhabitual deviations from a speech plan in his book Spreading Activation Theory Retrieval in Sentence Production Psychological Review （Dell，1986：# 284）. From this， we can find two standards for the characteristic

6、s of the slips of tongue：# the first one is that there must be errors， and the second one is that the errors can be corrected. So， when a conversation is over， people always know nothing about what they have said and take little care about their slips of the tongue. Freud （1901） was also the person

7、who pays serious attention to slips of the tongue. He believed that every slip of the tongue was a consequence of deeper unconscious motivations that allowed expression through such errors. And we call his theory as Freudian slips. In his book Psychopathology of Everyday Life， he pointed out that sp

8、eech disturbance may be caused through the influence of fore-sounds， after-sounds， words from the same sentence that were intended for expression， as well as through the effect of words outside the sentence intended， the stimulus of which would otherwise not have been suspected （Sigmund Freud， 1901）

9、. #Also， people attach more and more importance to slips of the tongue in China. Zhang Chunchao， a famous linguist， believed that the speech is planned in advance， so the speech error is contributed to linguistics mechanism rather than the motivation of consciousness in his work The Phenomenon of Sl

10、ips of The Tongue， Types， Causes， Solutions. #As we talk， we unconsciously make more kinds of little errors than we probably think we do. Usually we either dont notice them at all or we go back and correct them so quickly that we will still commit the errors on the other occasions. #1.2 The current

11、situation of average Chinese English-learners #Even for us university students who have already studied English for nearly eight years， it is still difficult for us to speak out what we really want to say. In daily life， its very common to hear Chinese students slips of tongue， especially when the s

12、tudents are communicating with each other after class. However， without others correction， they could tend to correct at once if realizing it. #Several days ago， I met one of my foreign friends in Xihu English Corner. When he asked me when to leave， I replied “I will left （leave）soon”. Of course， I

13、knew the grammar， but I didnt know how the word “left” came out. #This kind of phenomenon occurs almost everywherein English lessons， English corners， and so on. Therefore， we might infer that nearly all Chinese English learners have the problem of the slips of tongue， and the sufficient solutions o

14、f the slips of tongue should be provided to the public to arise the Chinese English learners awareness， with the aim of improving the Chinese English learners English level. #2. The Reasons That Cause Slips of the Tongue #2.1 Influence of Psychology #We all experience the phenomenon of slips of the

15、tongue， when we are excited， confused， happy and sad or interrupted by some other things. We might know that the eyes are the window of our heart， similarly， and the mouth can also to be a mirror of our thought. Freud （1901） was also the person who pays serious attention to slips of the tongue. He b

16、elieved that every slip of the tongue was a consequence of deeper unconscious motivations that allowed expression through such errors， and we call this theory as Freudian slips. In our daily life， some slips of the tongue are always caused psychologically and always can reflect our intentions， wishes， motivations， emotions and so on. Take my experience for example， last week， I met one of my friends Elsa on Wenyi Road. When she asked m