外文文献翻译驾驶员对交警交通执法的态度外文翻译中英文对照翻译Word下载.docx

外文文献翻译驾驶员对交警交通执法的态度外文翻译中英文对照翻译Word下载.docx

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外文文献翻译驾驶员对交警交通执法的态度外文翻译中英文对照翻译@#@中文2715字@#@本科毕业设计（论文）@#@外文翻译@#@原文：

@#@@#@I’mOK–you’renotOK@#@Drivers’attitudestowardpoliceofficersenforcingtrafficlaws@#@Policeofficershaveamajorroleinthesuccessoftrafficlawenforcement（ShinarandMcKnight,1986）.Yet,asRadeletandCarter（1994）argue,“byfar,thebiggestconflictbetweenthepoliceandthepublicoccursintheenforcementoftrafficlaws”（p.207）.Thepresentpaperexplorestheattitudesofdriverstowardpoliceofficers’enforcingtrafficlawsaswellastherelationshipoftheseandgeneralattitudestowardpoliceauthority.@#@Thedeterringeffectofanencounterwithpoliceofficers@#@Encountersbetweenpoliceofficersandcitizensintrafficsituationsprovideamajorsourceofcitizens’hostilitytowardthepolice（Wilson,1964）.KirkhamandWollan（1980）arguethatformostcitizens,trafficincidentsrepresenttheironlyencounterwiththepolice.Regardlessofhowskilledininterpersonalrelationsanofficermaybewhenapprehendingadriver,thereareinherentlynegativefeaturesinsuchencounters.Thereasonsforthepublic’sresentmentoftrafficlawenforcementarecomplex.KirkhamandWollan（1980）suggestseveralexplanationsfortheunpleasantemotionsdriversexperienceifapprehended.First,thepoliceofficerisasalientsymbolofgovernmentalauthority.Thus,anapprehensionrepresentsaninstanceofinterferencewiththedriver’sfreedomofaction.Furthermore,apprehensionimpartstothedriverthestatusofachildwhohasbeencaughtinsomewrongdoingandisthereforeabouttobepunished.Althoughdriversadmittohavingviolatedatrafficlaw,thereisaoftenafeelingofhavingbeenunjustlysingledoutforpunishmentbecausemotoristswitnessmanyinstancesinwhichviolationsgoundetected（KirkhamandWollan,1980）.RadeletandCarter（1994）alsoarguethatwhenadriverisaskedtostopandpullovertothesideoftheroad,thedriverfeelssingledout,suspectingthattheonlyreasonforthepoliceofficer’sbehavioristheneedtofillaquota.Furthermore,theapprehensioncausesfeelingsofguilt,whichthedrivertransferstothepoliceofficerasadefensemechanism.Otheremotions@#@causedbyapprehensionareembarrassmentandworryaboutfinancialconsequences.Finally,thesenegativefeelingsoftenleadtothedevelopmentofnegativeattitudestowardthepolice.@#@Ontheotherhand,whenapoliceofficerdoesnotpunishadriverforthecommissionofaviolation,thelatterexperiencesextremefeelingsofgratitude（Bonifacio,1991）.Nevertheless,theveryactofbeingstoppedinpublicbyapoliceofficerisinitselfanunpleasantexperience.KirkhamandWollan（1980）maintainthat“thepolicecar’srotatingemergencylightsseemtothedistraughtmotoristtoserveasabeaconwhichdrawstheentirecommunity’sattentiontothemistakehehasmade.Theminutesofsuchencountersseemlikeagonizinghourstothehelplessdriver”@#@De-WaardandRooijers（1994）comparedtheinfluenceofdirectpoliceenforcementandenforcementwithradarfollowedbyfinessenttotheoffendingdriversbymail.“Personal”enforcementbythepolicewasfoundtobemoreeffectiveinreducingspeeding.Theauthorsconcludedthattheadvantagesofenforcementbythepolicearetheimmediatefeedbackthatthedriverreceivesandthedeterringeffectonotherdriverswhowitnessthescene.Itislikelythattheunpleasantnessofthesituationitself,especiallythenegativeemotionsrelatedtoanencounterwithapoliceofficer,alsoservesaspunishment.Forexample,Deffenbacheretal.（1994）foundthatthepresenceofthepoliceconstitutedapotentiallyangeringdriving-relatedsituation,particularlyformen.@#@Drivers’perceptionsofpoliceofficers@#@KirkhamandWollan（1980）statethatthevarietyofexplanationsthatdriversofferforbeingstoppedbyapoliceofficer,refermainlytopoliceofficers’personalmotivesandimproperconduct.Forexample,driversassumethattheofficerisbehindinhisdaily“quota”oftrafficcitations,“hasitin”forsportcarsorisprejudicedagainstblacksorwhites,youngdriversoroldones.Indeed,asurveyaskingrespondentsaboutthepurposeoftrafficcitationsformovingviolationsrevealedthatdriversdonotconsideraccidentpreventiontobeamajormotivebehindpoliceofficers’actions:

@#@48percentoftherespondentsbelievedthatthepurposewastoraiserevenueforlawenforcement,17percentthoughtitwastoraiserevenueforthecity,andonly6percentattributedittotheattempttopreventaccidents（WatersandMcgrath,1974）.Sweeney（1982）maintainsthatdriversoftenregardtrafficlawenforcementasaformofsportingcompetitionbetweenthepursuersandthepursued.Forexample,driversinvestlargesumsofmoneyinradardetectors.Atthesametime,thepublicsometimesresentswhatitconsiders“unfair”tacticsonthepartofpolice;@#@enforcementtechniq