外文文献翻译驾驶员对交警交通执法的态度外文翻译中英文对照翻译Word下载.docx
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外文文献翻译驾驶员对交警交通执法的态度外文翻译中英文对照翻译@#@中文2715字@#@本科毕业设计(论文)@#@外文翻译@#@原文:
@#@@#@I’mOK–you’renotOK@#@Drivers’attitudestowardpoliceofficersenforcingtrafficlaws@#@Policeofficershaveamajorroleinthesuccessoftrafficlawenforcement(ShinarandMcKnight,1986).Yet,asRadeletandCarter(1994)argue,“byfar,thebiggestconflictbetweenthepoliceandthepublicoccursintheenforcementoftrafficlaws”(p.207).Thepresentpaperexplorestheattitudesofdriverstowardpoliceofficers’enforcingtrafficlawsaswellastherelationshipoftheseandgeneralattitudestowardpoliceauthority.@#@Thedeterringeffectofanencounterwithpoliceofficers@#@Encountersbetweenpoliceofficersandcitizensintrafficsituationsprovideamajorsourceofcitizens’hostilitytowardthepolice(Wilson,1964).KirkhamandWollan(1980)arguethatformostcitizens,trafficincidentsrepresenttheironlyencounterwiththepolice.Regardlessofhowskilledininterpersonalrelationsanofficermaybewhenapprehendingadriver,thereareinherentlynegativefeaturesinsuchencounters.Thereasonsforthepublic’sresentmentoftrafficlawenforcementarecomplex.KirkhamandWollan(1980)suggestseveralexplanationsfortheunpleasantemotionsdriversexperienceifapprehended.First,thepoliceofficerisasalientsymbolofgovernmentalauthority.Thus,anapprehensionrepresentsaninstanceofinterferencewiththedriver’sfreedomofaction.Furthermore,apprehensionimpartstothedriverthestatusofachildwhohasbeencaughtinsomewrongdoingandisthereforeabouttobepunished.Althoughdriversadmittohavingviolatedatrafficlaw,thereisaoftenafeelingofhavingbeenunjustlysingledoutforpunishmentbecausemotoristswitnessmanyinstancesinwhichviolationsgoundetected(KirkhamandWollan,1980).RadeletandCarter(1994)alsoarguethatwhenadriverisaskedtostopandpullovertothesideoftheroad,thedriverfeelssingledout,suspectingthattheonlyreasonforthepoliceofficer’sbehavioristheneedtofillaquota.Furthermore,theapprehensioncausesfeelingsofguilt,whichthedrivertransferstothepoliceofficerasadefensemechanism.Otheremotions@#@causedbyapprehensionareembarrassmentandworryaboutfinancialconsequences.Finally,thesenegativefeelingsoftenleadtothedevelopmentofnegativeattitudestowardthepolice.@#@Ontheotherhand,whenapoliceofficerdoesnotpunishadriverforthecommissionofaviolation,thelatterexperiencesextremefeelingsofgratitude(Bonifacio,1991).Nevertheless,theveryactofbeingstoppedinpublicbyapoliceofficerisinitselfanunpleasantexperience.KirkhamandWollan(1980)maintainthat“thepolicecar’srotatingemergencylightsseemtothedistraughtmotoristtoserveasabeaconwhichdrawstheentirecommunity’sattentiontothemistakehehasmade.Theminutesofsuchencountersseemlikeagonizinghourstothehelplessdriver”@#@De-WaardandRooijers(1994)comparedtheinfluenceofdirectpoliceenforcementandenforcementwithradarfollowedbyfinessenttotheoffendingdriversbymail.“Personal”enforcementbythepolicewasfoundtobemoreeffectiveinreducingspeeding.Theauthorsconcludedthattheadvantagesofenforcementbythepolicearetheimmediatefeedbackthatthedriverreceivesandthedeterringeffectonotherdriverswhowitnessthescene.Itislikelythattheunpleasantnessofthesituationitself,especiallythenegativeemotionsrelatedtoanencounterwithapoliceofficer,alsoservesaspunishment.Forexample,Deffenbacheretal.(1994)foundthatthepresenceofthepoliceconstitutedapotentiallyangeringdriving-relatedsituation,particularlyformen.@#@Drivers’perceptionsofpoliceofficers@#@KirkhamandWollan(1980)statethatthevarietyofexplanationsthatdriversofferforbeingstoppedbyapoliceofficer,refermainlytopoliceofficers’personalmotivesandimproperconduct.Forexample,driversassumethattheofficerisbehindinhisdaily“quota”oftrafficcitations,“hasitin”forsportcarsorisprejudicedagainstblacksorwhites,youngdriversoroldones.Indeed,asurveyaskingrespondentsaboutthepurposeoftrafficcitationsformovingviolationsrevealedthatdriversdonotconsideraccidentpreventiontobeamajormotivebehindpoliceofficers’actions:
@#@48percentoftherespondentsbelievedthatthepurposewastoraiserevenueforlawenforcement,17percentthoughtitwastoraiserevenueforthecity,andonly6percentattributedittotheattempttopreventaccidents(WatersandMcgrath,1974).Sweeney(1982)maintainsthatdriversoftenregardtrafficlawenforcementasaformofsportingcompetitionbetweenthepursuersandthepursued.Forexample,driversinvestlargesumsofmoneyinradardetectors.Atthesametime,thepublicsometimesresentswhatitconsiders“unfair”tacticsonthepartofpolice;@#@enforcementtechniq