新编简明英语语言学教程戴伟栋版Word文件下载.docx

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普通语言学的主要分支及各自研究范畴；

宏观语言及应用语言学的主要扥只及各自的研究范畴。

语言的考点：

语言的定义；

语言的识别特征（任意性，能产性，二重性，移位性，文化传递性）；

语言的功能

1,Thedefinitionoflinguistics语言的定义：

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage（basedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetogeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure）

2.Thescopeoflinguistics语言学的范围

A：

micro-linguistics

语音学）:

thestudyofthesoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.

音系学）:

thestudyofhowsoundsputtogetherandusedto

incommunication.（语音分布和排列的规则及音节的形式）

Morphology（形态学）:

thestudyofthewayinwhichthesymbolsarearranged

Syntax（句法学）:

thestudyofrulesinthecombinationofwordstoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguage.

Semantics（语义学）:

thestudyofmeaning.

Pragmatics（语用学）:

thestudyofthemeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.

B：

macro-linguistics

Sociolinguistics:

thestudyofallsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwith

thesocietyformthecoreofthebranch.

Psycholinguistics:

thestudyoflanguageanditsrelationwithpsychology.

语言学中的重要区分

Appliedlinguistics:

thestudyofapplicationoflanguagetothesolutionofpracticalproblems.Narrowlyitistheapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.

3.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics

A:

DescriptivevsPrescriptive描写式与规定式

Descriptive:

ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.

Prescriptive:

ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhatshouldtheysayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobePrescriptive.

B:

SynchronicvsDiachronic共时性和历时性

Synchronic:

thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisa

synchronicstudy.

Diachronic:

thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.

C:

Speechvswriting言语和文学

Thesearemajormediaofcommunication.

D:

Languevsparole语言与言语（Saussure索緖尔）

Langue:

referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbytheallthemembers

ofaspeechcommunity.

Parole:

referstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.

E:

Competencevsperformance语言能力和语言应用（Chomsky乔姆斯基）

Competence:

referstoauserund'

erslyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofthe

rules.

Performance:

referstotheactualuseinconcretesituations.乔姆斯基和索绪尔的区别：

索绪尔采用的是社会学的观点，他的语言观念是社会惯例性的。

乔姆斯基从心理学角度看待语言，对他而言，语言能力是每个个体的大脑特征。

TraditionalGrammarvsmodernlinguistics传统语法与现代语言学

Saussure的《CourseinGeneralLinguistics》标志着现代语言学的开端。

区别：

a:

语言学是descriptive,传统的语法是prescriptive.

b:

现代语言学认为口头语是基本的，而不是书面语。

c:

现代语言学并不强迫进入一个拉丁语为基础的框架。

4.Thedefinitionoflanguage语言的定义

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

5.Thedesignfeaturesoflanguage语言的识别特征

Thedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagecanbecalleddesignfeatureswhichdistinguishitfromanimallanguagesystem.

Arbitrariness任意性

Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds.

Productivity能产性

Itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.

C：

Duality二重性

Twolevels:

Atthelowerorthebasiclevelisa

structureofsounds

whichare

meaninglessbythemselves.Athigherlevel,thesoundsoflanguagecanberegrouped

andregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning.

D：

Displacement移位性

Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaingedmattersinthepast,presentorfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.

E：

Culturaltransmission文化传递

Languageisculturallytransmitted.

F：

Interchangeability互换性

Referstomancanbothproduceorreceivethemassages.

6.Functionsoflanguage语言的功能

mainfunctions

（1）Descriptivefunction（描述）:

referstoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbestatedordenied,andevenverified.

（2）Expressivefunction（表达）:

referstoemotiveorattitudinalfunction,conveyinformationaboutuser'

sfeelirnegfesr,epnces,prejudice,andvalues.

（3）Socialfunction（社会）:

referstointerpersonalfunction,servestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.

Jakobson将语言功能划分六大类：

emotive,conative（意动）,referential（指向）,poetic（娱乐）,phaticcommunication（寒暄）,andmatalinguistic（元语言）.

B：

macrofunctions

（1）Ideational（概念）:

Itistoorganizethespeaker'

sorwriter'

sexperienceof

therealorimaginaryworld