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TessoftheD’Urbervilles,publishedin1891,wasThomasHardy’slastandmostsignificantwork.Inthisnovel,Hardyreachedtheheightofhisachievementasanovelist.ThenovelcanberegardedasoneofthegreatesttragedyinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.ThisbookbecameoneofthegreatestworksinthelateofVictorianera,becauseitboldlyexposedhypocriticalmoralintheCapitalistsocietyandcondemnedtheCapitalisminthelate19thcenturythatcausedimpoverishmentanddecayofsmallfarmersinruralEngland.

Tesswasapoorpeasantgirlwhowantedtorelyonherhandstopursueindividualhappinessright,butthepowerfulsocialforcescan’tletoffaweakgirl,intheendcausedhertragedy.Inthisnovel,wecanseethatTessresistedherunjustfateagainandagain,sufferedsetbacksagainandagain,butshewasdestroyedatlast.

Thepurposeofthethesis:

ThecauseofTess’tragedyhasalwaysbeentheconcernofpeople,suchabeautiful,nobleandpurewomanasTessshouldsufferinevitableruin.Toresearchthisnovel,weknowtheviewofmoralityinthehypocriticalbourgeoisieintheBritain'

sVictorianera;

Tess’stragedyisduetothemoralrootofsocietyandtheunequallegalsystem.Inthispaper,Itrytomakeadetailedanalysisonthenovel,toshowthevariouscausesofheroine’stragedy.

Chapter1ThomasHardyandhismasterpiece

A.ThomasHardy

ThomasHardywasbornonJune2,1840,inthevillageofHigherBockhampton,nearDorchester,amarkettowninthecountyofDorset.Hardywouldspendmuchofhislifeinhisnativeregion,transformingitsrurallandscapesintohisfictionalWesses.Hardy'

smother,Jemima,inspiredhimwithatasteforliterature;

whilehisstonemasonfather,Thomas,sharedwithhimaloveofarchitectureandmusic（thetwowouldlaterplaythefiddleatlocaldances）.AsaboyHardyreadwidelyinthepopularfictionoftheday,includingthenovelsofScott,Dumas,Dickens,W.HarrisonAinsworth,andG.P.R.James,andinthepoetryofScott,Wordsworth,Byron,Shelley,Keats,andothers.StronglyinfluencedinhisyouthbytheBibleandtheliturgyoftheAnglicanChurch,Hardylatercontemplatedacareerintheministry;

buthisassimilationofthenewtheoriesofDarwinianevolutionismeventuallymadehimanagnosticandaseverecriticofthelimitationsoftraditionalreligion.

Attheageofeight,HardybegantoattendJuliaMartin'

sschoolinBockhampton.However,mostofhiseducationcamefromthebookshefoundinDorchester,thenearbytown.HelearnedFrench,German,andLatinbyteachinghimselfthroughthesebooks.Atsixteen,Hardy'

sfatherapprenticedhissontoalocalarchitect,JohnHicks.UnderHicks'

tutelage,Hardylearnedmuchaboutarchitecturaldrawingandrestoringoldhousesandchurches.Hardylovedtheapprenticeshipbecauseitallowedhimtolearnthehistoriesofthehousesandthefamiliesthatlivedthere.Despitehiswork,Hardydidnotforgethisacademics:

intheevenings,HardywouldstudywiththeGreekscholarHoraceMoule.

In1862,HardywassenttoLondontoworkwiththearchitectArthurBlomfield.DuringhisfiveyearsinLondon,Hardyimmersedhimselfintheculturalscenebyvisitingthemuseumsandtheatersandstudyingclassicliterature.Heevenbegantowritehisownpoetry.AlthoughhedidnotstayinLondon,choosingtoreturntoDorchesterasachurchrestorer,hetookhisnewfoundtalentforwritingtoDorchesteraswell.

From1867,Hardywrotepoetryandnovels,thoughthefirstpartofhiscareerwasdevotedtothenovel.Atfirsthepublishedanonymously,butwhenpeoplebecameinterestedinhisworks,hebegantousehisownname.LikeDickens,Hardy'

snovelswerepublishedinserialformsinmagazinesthatwerepopularinbothEnglandandAmerica.HisfirstpopularnovelwasUndertheGreenwoodTree,publishedin1872.Thenextgreatnovel,FarfromtheMaddingCrowd（1874）wassopopularthatwiththeprofits,HardywasabletogiveuparchitectureandmarryEmmaGifford.Otherpopularnovelsfollowedinquicksuccession:

TheReturnoftheNative（1878）,TheMayorofCasterbridge（1886）,TheWoodlanders（1887）,TessoftheD'

Urbervilles（1891）,andJudetheObscure（1895）.Inadditiontotheselargerworks,Hardypublishedthreecollectionsofshortstoriesandfivesmallernovels,allmoderatelysuccessful.However,despitethepraiseHardy'

sfictionreceived,manycriticsalsofoundhisworkstobetooshocking,especiallyTessoftheD'

UrbervillesandJudetheObscure.TheoutcryagainstJudewassogreatthatHardydecidedtostopwritingnovelsandreturntohisfirstgreatlove,poetry.

Overtheyears,Hardyhaddividedhistimebetweenhishome,MaxGate,inDorchesterandhislodgingsinLondon.Inhislateryears,heremainedinDorchestertofocuscompletelyonhispoetry.In1898,hesawhisdreamofbecomingapoetrealizedwi