大学英语考试复习资料大学英语四级分类模拟题262文档格式.docx

大学英语考试复习资料大学英语四级分类模拟题262文档格式.docx

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ReadingComprehension

ReadingLiteratureMakesUsSmarterandNicer

A.GregoryCurrie,aprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofNottingham,recentlyarguedintheNewYorkTimesthatweoughtnottoclaimthatliteratureimprovesusaspeople,becausethereisno"

convincingevidencethatsuggeststhatpeoplearemorallyorsociallybetterforreadingTolstoy"

orothergreatbooks.

B.Actually,thereissuchevidence.RaymondMar,apsychologistatYorkUniversityinCanada,andKeithOatley,aretiredprofessorofcognitive（认知的）psychologyattheUniversityofToronto,reportedinstudiespublishedin2006and2009thatindividualswhooftenreadfictionappeartobebetterabletounderstandotherpeople,empathize（有同感）withthemandviewtheworldfromtheirperspective.Thislinkpersistedevenaftertheresearchersfactoredinthepossibilitythatmoreempatheticindividualsmightchoosetoreadmorenovels.A2010studybyMarfoundasimilarresultinyoungchildren:

themorestoriestheyhadreadtothem,thekeenertheir"

theoryofmind,"

ormentalmodelofotherpeople'

sintentions.

C."

Deepreading"

—asopposedtotheoftensuperficialreadingwedoontheWeb—isanendangeredpractice,oneweoughttotakestepstopreserveaswewouldahistoricbuildingorasignificantworkofart.Itsdisappearancewouldcausedamagetotheintellectualandemotionaldevelopmentofgenerationsgrowinguponline,aswellastheperpetuationofacriticalpartofourculture:

thenovels,poemsandotherkindsofliteraturethatcanbeappreciatedonlybyreaderswhosebrains,quiteliterally,havebeentrainedtounderstandthem.

D.Recentresearchincognitivescience,psychologyandneurosciencehasdemonstratedthatdeepreading—slow,immersive,richinsensorydetailandemotionalandmoralcomplexity—isadistinctiveexperience,differentinkindfromthemereunderstandingofwords.Althoughdeepreadingdoesnot,strictlyspeaking,requireaconventionalbook,thebuilt-inlimitsoftheprintedpageareuniquelybeneficialtothedeepreadingexperience.Abook'

slackofhyperlinks（超链接）,forexample,freesthereaderfrommakingdecisions—ShouldIclickonthislinkornot?

—allowinghertoremainfullyfocusonthenarrative.

E.Thatimmersionissupportedbythewaythebrainhandleslanguagerichindetail,implicationandmetaphor（暗喻）:

bycreatingamentalrepresentationthatdrawsonthesamebrainregionsthatwouldbeactiveifthesceneweredisplayedinreallife.Theemotionalsituationsandmoraldilemmasthatarethestuffofliteraturearealsovigorousexerciseforthebrain,promptingusinsidetheheadsoffictionalcharactersandeven,studiessuggest,increasingourreal-lifecapacityforempathy.

F.Noneofthisislikelytohappenwhenwe'

revisitingTMZ（美国名人消息网）.Althoughwecalltheactivitybythesamename,thedeepreadingofbooksandtheinformation-drivenreadingwedoontheWebareverydifferent,bothintheexperiencetheyproduceandinthecapacitiestheydevelop.Agrowingbodyofevidencesuggeststhatonlinereadingmaybelessengagingandlesssatisfying,evenforthe"

digitalnatives"

forwhomitissofamiliar.

G.InMay2013,forexample,Britain'

sNationalLiteracyTrustreleasedtheresultsofastudyof34,910youngpeopleaged8to16.Researchersreportedthat39%ofchildrenandteensreaddailyusingelectronicdevices,butonly28%readprintedmaterialseveryday.Thosewhoreadonlyonscreenwerethreetimeslesslikelytosaytheyenjoyreadingverymuchandathirdlesslikelytohaveafavoritebook.Thestudyalsofoundthatyoungpeoplewhoreaddailyonlyonscreenwerenearlytwotimeslesslikelytobeabove-averagereadersthanthosewhoreaddailyinprintorbothinprintandonscreen.

H.Tounderstandwhyweshouldbeconcernedabouthowyoungpeopleread,andnotjustwhetherthey'

rereadingatall,ithelpstoknowsomethingaboutthewaytheabilitytoreadevolved."

Humanbeingswereneverborntoread,"

notesMaryanneWolf,directoroftheCenterforReadingandLanguageResearchatTuftsUniversityandauthorofProustandtheSquid:

TheStoryandScienceoftheReadingBrain.Unliketheabilitytounderstandandproducespokenlanguage,whichundernormalcircumstanceswillshowupaccordingtoaprogramdictatedbyourgenes,theabilitytoreadmustbeacquiredbyeachindividualthrougheffort.The"

readingcircuits"

weconstructarerecruitedfromstructuresinthebrainthatevolvedforotherpurposes—andthesecircuitscanbeweakortheycanbestrong,dependingonhowoftenandhowvigorouslyweusethem.

I.Thedeepreader,protectedfromdistractionsandadaptedtothetinydifferencesoflanguage,entersastatethatpsychologistVictorNell,inastudyofthepsychologyofpleasurereading,likenstoahyp