运输管理外文文献翻译Word格式文档下载.doc

运输管理外文文献翻译Word格式文档下载.doc

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外文翻译—原文部分@#@Transportationmanagement@#@Transportcostisinfluencedbysevenfactors.Thespecificfactorsaredistance,volume,density,stow-ability,handling,liability,andmarket.Ingeneral,theabovesequencereflectstherelativeimportanceofeachfactor.@#@Distanceisamajorinfluenceontransportationcostsinceitdirectlycontributestovariablecost,suchaslabor,fuelandmaintenance.@#@Thesecondfactorisloadvolume.Likemanyotherlogisticsactivities,transportationscaleeconomicsexistformostmovements.Transportationcostperunitofweightdecreasesasloadvolumeincreases.@#@Thethirdeconomicfactorisproductdensity,whichincorporatesweightandspaceconsiderations.Theseareimportantsincetransportationcostisusuallyquotedintermsofdollarsperunitofweight,suchasamountperton.Intermsofweightandspace,anindividualvehicleisconstrainedmorebyspacethanbyweight.Onceavehicleisfullintermsofspace,itisnotpossibletoincreasetheamountcarriedeveniftheproductislight.Sinceactualvehiclelaborandfuelexpensesarenotdramaticallyinfluencedbyweight,higherdensityproductsallowrelativelyfixedtransportcoststobespreadacrossadditionalweight.Asaresult,theseproductsareassessedlowertransportcostsperunitofweight.@#@Thestowabilityfactorreferstoproductdimensionsandhowtheyaffectvehiclespaceultilization.Oddsizesandspaces,aswellasexcessiveweightorlength,donotshowwellandtypicallywastespace.Itemswithstandardrectangularshapesaremucheasiertoshowthanodd-shapeditems.@#@Specialhandlingequipmentmayberequiredforloadingorunloadingtrucks,railcars,orships.Furthermore,themannerinwhichproductsarephysicallygroupedtogether（e.g.,taped,boxed,orpalletized）fortransportandstoragealsoaffectshandlingcost.@#@Finally,marketfactors,suchaslanevolumeandbalance,influencetransportationcost.Atransportlanereferstomovementsbetweenoriginanddestinationpoints.Sincetransportationvehiclesanddriversmustreturntotheirorigin,eithertheymustfindaloadtobringback（“back-haul”）,orwhendeadheadmovementsoccur,labor,fuel,andmaintenancecostsmustbechargedagainsttheoriginal“front-haul”move.Thus,theidealsituationisfor“balanced”moveswherevolumeisequalinbothdirections.However,thisisrarelythecasebecauseofdemandimbalancesinmanufacturingandconsumptionlocations.@#@Transportdocumentation@#@Severaldocumentsarerequiredtoperformeachtransportmovement.Thethreeprimarytypesarebillsoflading,freightbills,andshippingmanifests.@#@Thebillofladingisthebasicdocumentultilizedinpurchasingtransportservice.Itservesasareceiptanddocumentscommoditiesandquantitiesshipped.Forthisreason,accuratedescriptionandcountareessential.Incaseofloss,damage,ordelay,thebillofladingisthebasisfordamageclaims.Thedesignatedindividualorbuyeronabillofladingistheonlybonafiderecipientofgoods.Acarrierisresponsiblefordeliveryaccordingtoinstructionscontainedinthedocument.Ineffect,titleistransferredwithcompletionofdelivery.@#@ThebillofladingspecifiestermsandconditionsofcarrierliabilityanddocumentsresponsibilityforallpossiblecausesoflossordamageexceptthosedefinedasactsofGod.Itisimportantthattermsandconditionsbeclearlyunderstoodsothatappropriateactionscanbetakenintheeventofsubstandardperformance.@#@Inadditiontotheuniformbilloflading,anothercommonlyusedtypeisorder-notified.Itisimportanttoselectthecorrectbillofladingforaspecificshipment.@#@Anordernotifiedornegotiablebillofladingisacreditinstrument.Inprovidesthatdeliverynotbemadeunlesstheoriginalbillofladingissurrenderedtothecarrier.Theusualprocedureisforthesellertosendtheordernotifiedbillofladingtoathirdparty,usuallyabankorcreditinstitution.Uponcustomerpaymentfortheproduct,thecreditinstitutionreleasesthegoods.Thisfacilitatesinternationaltransportwherepaymentforgoodsismajorconsideration.@#@Thefreightbillpresentsacarrier’smethodofchargingfortransportationservices.Itisdevelopedusinginformationcontainedinthebilloflading.Thefreightbillmaybeeitherprepaidorcollect.Aprepaidbillmeansthattransportcostmustbepaidpriortoperformance,whereasacollectshipmentshiftspaymentresponsibilitytotheconsignee.Considerableadministrationisinvolvedinpreparingbillsofladingandfreightbills.@#@Theshippingmanifestlistsindividualstopsorconsigneeswhenmultipleshipmentsareplacedonasinglevehicle.Eachshipmentrequiresabilloflading.Themanifestlistthestop,billoflading,weight,andcasecountforeachshipment.Theobjectiveofthemanifestistoprovideasingledocumentthatdefinesthecontentsoftotalload