运输管理外文文献翻译Word格式文档下载.doc

1、外文翻译原文部分#Transportation management#Transport cost is influenced by seven factors. The specific factors are distance, volume, density, stow-ability, handling, liability, and market. In general, the above sequence reflects the relative importance of each factor.#Distance is a major influence on transp

2、ortation cost since it directly contributes to variable cost, such as labor, fuel and maintenance.#The second factor is load volume. Like many other logistics activities, transportation scale economics exist for most movements. Transportation cost per unit of weight decreases as load volume increase

3、s.#The third economic factor is product density, which incorporates weight and space considerations. These are important since transportation cost is usually quoted in terms of dollars per unit of weight, such as amount per ton. In terms of weight and space, an individual vehicle is constrained more

4、 by space than by weight. Once a vehicle is full in terms of space, it is not possible to increase the amount carried even if the product is light. Since actual vehicle labor and fuel expenses are not dramatically influenced by weight, higher density products allow relatively fixed transport costs t

5、o be spread across additional weight. As a result, these products are assessed lower transport costs per unit of weight.#The stowability factor refers to product dimensions and how they affect vehicle space ultilization. Odd sizes and spaces, as well as excessive weight or length, do not show well a

6、nd typically waste space. Items with standard rectangular shapes are much easier to show than odd-shaped items.#Special handling equipment may be required for loading or unloading trucks, railcars, or ships. Furthermore, the manner in which products are physically grouped together （e.g., taped, boxe

7、d, or palletized） for transport and storage also affects handling cost.#Finally, market factors, such as lane volume and balance, influence transportation cost. A transport lane refers to movements between origin and destination points. Since transportation vehicles and drivers must return to their

8、origin, either they must find a load to bring back （“back-haul”） , or when deadhead movements occur, labor, fuel, and maintenance costs must be charged against the original “front-haul” move. Thus, the ideal situation is for “balanced” moves where volume is equal in both directions. However, this is

9、 rarely the case because of demand imbalances in manufacturing and consumption locations.#Transport documentation#Several documents are required to perform each transport movement. The three primary types are bills of lading, freight bills, and shipping manifests.#The bill of lading is the basic doc

10、ument ultilized in purchasing transport service. It serves as a receipt and documents commodities and quantities shipped. For this reason, accurate description and count are essential. In case of loss, damage, or delay, the bill of lading is the basis for damage claims. The designated individual or

11、buyer on a bill of lading is the only bona fide recipient of goods. A carrier is responsible for delivery according to instructions contained in the document. In effect, title is transferred with completion of delivery.#The bill of lading specifies terms and conditions of carrier liability and docum

12、ents responsibility for all possible causes of loss or damage except those defined as acts of God. It is important that terms and conditions be clearly understood so that appropriate actions can be taken in the event of substandard performance.#In addition to the uniform bill of lading, another comm

13、only used type is order-notified. It is important to select the correct bill of lading for a specific shipment.#An order notified or negotiable bill of lading is a credit instrument. In provides that delivery not be made unless the original bill of lading is surrendered to the carrier. The usual pro

14、cedure is for the seller to send the order notified bill of lading to a third party, usually a bank or credit institution. Upon customer payment for the product, the credit institution releases the goods. This facilitates international transport where payment for goods is major consideration.#The fr

15、eight bill presents a carriers method of charging for transportation services. It is developed using information contained in the bill of lading. The freight bill may be either prepaid or collect. A prepaid bill means that transport cost must be paid prior to performance, whereas a collect shipment

16、shifts payment responsibility to the consignee. Considerable administration is involved in preparing bills of lading and freight bills.#The shipping manifest lists individual stops or consignees when multiple shipments are placed on a single vehicle. Each shipment requires a bill of lading. The manifest list the stop, bill of lading, weight, and case count for each shipment. The objective of the manifest is to provide a single document that defines the contents of total load