多用户博客系统外文翻译范文Word文档格式.docx

多用户博客系统外文翻译范文Word文档格式.docx

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多用户博客系统外文翻译范文@#@外文文献资料@#@Introduction@#@Aswithmanyreallifeproblems,theuniversitycoursetimetablingproblemcanbemessyandcomplicated.Solvingtheuniversitycoursetimetablingprobleminvolvesmanypeoplecommunicatingtotrytoachieveatimetablethatmeetsasetofrequirementsandgoals.AsexplainedinChapter3,theliteratureonautomatedtimetablingoftentakesagiventimetablingproblemandreducesittoamathematicaldefinition,whichcanthenbesolved.Inreality,thereisalotmoretoarealworldtimetablingproblemthanwhatisrepresentedinsuchadefinition.Thetimetablingprocessislongandconsistsofmanystagesbeforethatofactuallyplacingcoursesintotimeslots.ThefirststageofsolvingaprobleminORinvolvesadetailedstudyofthesystem,identifyingspecificproblems,systemconstraints,andobjectivefunctions.@#@Thischapterlooks,indetail,atthetimetablingproblematthefacultyofappliedscienceandengineeringattheUniversityofToronto（APSC）.Theprocessdescribedistheonethattookplaceinordertocreatethetimetableforthemuchmorecomplicatedthanwhatappearsinamathematicalmodel.Aswell,adetailedanalysisofagivenproblemisasteptowardscreatingaproblemdefinition.Itallowsonetoidentifyalloftheprocessissues,constraints,restrictions,andgoals,therebyprovidingabaseofinformationthatmaybeincludedinaproblemdefinition.@#@TheundergraduateprogramatAPSCconsistsoffouryearsofstudy.Thereare4000students,over1200ofwhicharefirstyears.Therearesevendepartmentsandninedegreeprogramstotaling79POSts1.Thereare219facultymembers,12buildings,and80labroomsthataremanagedinternally.ThefacultyusesasoftwareschedulingpackagethatispartoftheSyllabusPlussuiteofschedulingproducts.InparticularthesoftwareCoursePlanner（CP）isusedtoschedule,identifyissues,andsupportdecisions.CPisasoftwarepackagethatusesseveralheuristicswhenscheduling.75%oftimetablesaredeliveredtotheindividualstudentconflict-free,basedonprogramstructure.Inthefollowingsections,wedescribethegoalsthatthetimetabletriestoachieve,theconstraintsinvolved,andthestrategy,theprocess,usedwhencreatingthetimetable.WethenoutlinesomeproblematicareasexistinginthecurrentprocessandhighlighttheareaswhereITcouldbehelpful.IdentifyingareaswhereITcouldbehelpfulshouldmaketheproblemdefinitionproblemeasier.@#@Constraints@#@Inthetimetablingdomain,therearetwotypesofconstraints.Hardconstraintsareconstraintsthatcannotbeviolatedbecauseiftheywere,theschedulewouldbeinfeasible.Softconstraints,otherwiseknownaspreferences,aretheretomakethetimetableasgoodaspossible.Fewersoftconstraintviolationsmeanthatthescheduleisbetter.Inaddition,intheUniversityofTorontoexample,therearecertainsituationsthatarise,duetothenatureoftheprogram,thatseriouslyconstraintheschedule.Althoughtheseareconstraintsinaslightlydifferentmeaning,theywillbereferredtoasconstrainingfactorsandtheywillbelistedinthissectionaswell.@#@Strategy@#@Thereisnowrittenprotocolthatisfollowedwhencreatingthetimetable.Thisisbecauseeveryyearisuniqueanddifferentthanthepreviousone.Thereis,however,ageneralstrategythatisused.Thebasicstepsthatmakeuptheschedulingprocessarethesameeachyear.Firstisdataacquisition.Secondisdecidingontherolloverstrategy.Therolloverstrategyisdecidingwhatpartofthepreviousyear'@#@sscheduleiskeptandrolledoverforthefollowingyear.Aftertherolloverstrategyisdetermined,eachyear'@#@stimetableisscheduled,oneatatime,startingwiththefirstyearprogramandfinishingoffwiththefourthyear.@#@Theschedulingprocessreallybeginsbeforethedataacquisitionstage,withthecreationofthecurriculumandcalendar.However,thispartoftheprocessisnotdiscussedhere.Inthefollowingsections,eachstepintheaboveschedulingprocesswillbelookedatinmoredetail.@#@ProblemsintheProcess@#@Therearemanyareasoftheprocesswherethereisaneedforimprovement.Theseproblemsrangefromtechnicalissuessuchastherebeingtoomuchdatabeingenteredmanually,tocommunicationissues,topoliticalissueswithinthefaculty.SomecanbenefitfromanITsolution,andsomecannot.@#@ITSolutions@#@Thereareseveralinstancesduringtheprocesswhereautomationwouldbehelpful.Theobviousoneisthatofthecreationofthetimetable.Softwareiscurrentlyused,butthatsoftwarerequiresalotofinteractionandinawayitismerelyadatabasethatholdsdataandnotifiestheuserwhenconflictsexist,whilethetimetableisactuallycreatedmanually.TheCPsoftwarecanscheduleautomatically,butfromexperience,thecreatedschedulesareoftenquitefarfromideal.CPoftenhasalotofdifficulty