英语xx社会与文化入门名词解释Word格式.doc
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1.
TheThamesRiver
TheThamesRiveristhesecondlargestandmostimportantriverinBritain.Itis336kilometerslong,risinginsouthwestEnglandandflowingthroughEnglandandoutintotheNorthSea.Itflowsratherslowly,whichisveryfavorableforwatertransportation.
2.TheHighLanders
TheyaretheScotswholiveinthemountainousregionsoftheHighlandsinNorthernScotland.Theyareaproud,independentandhardypeoplewhomaintaintheirstrongculturalidentity.Theymainlylivebyfanningsheepinmountainareasorfishingonthecoastsandislands.
3.TheBritishCommonwealth
TheBritishEmpirewasreplacedbytheBritishCommonwealthortheCommonwealthofnationsin1931.ItisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingarrangements.TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpowers.ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachnation.Atpresentthereare50membercountrieswithintheCommonwealth.
4.TheChunnel
In1985theBritishgovernmentandFrenchgovernmentdecidedtobuildachanneltunnel,whichiscalled"
Chunnel"
undertheStraitsofDoversothatEnglandandFrancecouldbejoinedtogetherbyroad.TheChunnelwasopentotrafficinMay1994.
简答题
WhatisthemainprobleminNorthernIreland?
ThemainprobleminNorthernIrelandisthefightbetweentheProtestants,whoarethedominantgroup,andtheRomanCatholics,whoareseekingmoresocial,politicalandeconomicopportunities.TheBritishGovernmentandtheIrishGovernmentarenowworkingtogethertobringpeacetoNorthernIreland.
2.WhatarethethreenaturalzonesinScotland?
ThethreenaturalzonesinScotlandare:
theHighlandsinthenorth,thecentralLowlandsandthesouthernUplands.
3.
WhatarethethreefactorswhichinfluencetheclimateinBritain?
(1)
Thesurroundingwaters.
(2)
TheprevailingsouthwestwindsortheWesterliesblowoverthecountryalltheyearround.
(3)
TheNorthAtlanticDrift.
4.
DescribethegeographicalpositionofBritain.
BritainisanislandcountrywhichliesoffthewestcoastoftheEuropeancontinentintheAtlanticOcean.Ortobemoreexact,itliesbetweenlatitude50to60degreesnorth.ItisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelinthesouthandtheNorthSeaintheeast.
5.
WhereaboutsinGreatBritainaremostlyhighlandandlowland?
ThenorthandwestofBritainaremainlyhighlands,andtheeastandsoutheastaremostlylowlands.
论述题
1.WhatisthedifferencebetweentheancestorsoftheEnglishandScots,WelshandIrish?
TheancestorsoftheEnglishareAnglo—Saxons.TheAnglo—Saxons,andsometimesincludingtheJutes,wereoriginallytribesoftheGermanicpeoplewholivedinthenorthwestoftoday'
sGermany.DuringthefifthcenturywhentheRomanEmpirefell,theseGermanictribesinvadedandconqueredthesoutheasternpartofBritain,drivingthenativepeopleCeltsoutoftheirhomelandsandintothewesternandnorthernmountainareas.TheybecamethenewmasterofthelandwhichtheynamedEngland,meaning,"
thelandoftheAngles"
.
TheScots,WelshandIrisharedescendantsoftheCelts.TheCeltsweredifferentgroupsofancientpeoplewhooriginallylivedintheuppervalleysoftheDanubeRiver.Later,theyspreadtoFrance,Spain,PortugalandNorthernItaly.About700BC,theycametoBritainandsettleddown.TheyweretheancestorsoftheScots,WelshandIrish.
2.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenBritainandtheBritishIsles,GreatBritain,England,theUnitedKingdomandtheBritishCommonwealth?
Strictlyspeaking,theBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEnglandaregeographicalnames.TheBritishisleslieoffthewestcoastofEuropeintheAtlanticOcean.Theyaremadeupoftwolargeislandsandhundredsofthesurroundingsmallerislands.ThetwolargeislandsareGreatBritainandIreland.GreatBritainisthelargerofthesetwoislands.EnglandisoneofthethreepartsthatmakeuptheIslandofGreatBritain(theothertwopartsareScotlandandWales).Sometimes,Englandisusedasthenameofthecountry,butitisnotformalandofficial.TheofficialfullnameofthecountryistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.Butitistoomuchofamouthfultosaysuchalongnameforacountry,sopeoplejustsayBritain,theUnitedKingdomorsimplyUK.TheBritishCommonwealthisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Today,thereare50membercountries(includingBritain,ofcourse)withintheCommonwealth.
Chapter2
TheNormanConquest
William,DukeofNormandylandedhisarmyinEnglandinSeptember1066.HedefeatedHaroldandtheEnglishsoldiers.ThenhewasmadekingandcrownedinWestminsterAbbeyonChristma