Chapter OneWorld Trade Organization and China.docx

Chapter OneWorld Trade Organization and China.docx

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ChapterOneWorldTradeOrganizationandChina

ChapterOneWorldTradeOrganizationandChina’sEconomy

1.1InterpretationProcessandBasicQualitiesRequiredofanInterpreter

1.1.1TheProcessofOralInterpretation

Listening→

Memorizing→

Transferring→

Reproducing

↓↓↓↓

Step1

a.

AnAcuteHearing

b.

AccurateComprehensionofIdeas

c.

Notes-takingifpossible

Step2

a.

Instant&ActiveMemory

b.

HighConcentration

c.

FocusonIdeas,

notWords

Step3

a.

GoodCommandofEnglishorChinese

b.

LogicalReorganizationofIdeas

Step4

a.

GoodMasteryofChineseorEnglish

b.

Clear&CorrectEnglish

Pronunciation&Intonation

OralInterpretation,essentiallymeansanextemporeoron-the-spotoralreproduction,inonelanguage,ofwhatissaidinanotherlanguage,accordingtoAPracticalHandbookofInterpretation（1991）byMr.ZhongShukong,afamousscholarontheoreticalstudyofinterpretation.

Statedasintheabovecharttheinterpretationprocessof“listening—memorizing—reorganizing—delivery”,wecanfindthatinterpretationinvolvesaprocessfullofdifficultiesandchallenges.Themostdifficultandchallengingpartonthepartofaninterpreterishowtostrikeabalancebetweenhiscomprehensionoftheoriginalspeechandhiscapabilityofaccurateandintelligiblereproductioninthetargetlanguage.

Accuratecomprehension,orunderstandingofthe“idea”or“meaning”oftheoriginal（esp.English）speakerisalwaystheforemostconcernintheprocess.Withoutaccuratecomprehension,therecanbenooralreproductioninthetargetlanguage,whichisfaithfultotheoriginalversionofspeech.Inordertoacquireanaccuratecomprehensionoftheideasoftheoriginal（esp.English）speaker,aninterpreterismostlikelytoencountersuchdifficulties,aslexical,contextualandterminologicalones.Sometimes,thedifficultiesarecausedby（Englishornon-nativeEnglish）speaker’sexceptionallyrapidspeedorpeculiaraccentorintonation,andwhat’smore,problemsmaywellarisefromtheinterpreter’slackofknowledgeofthetechnicaldetailsofthesubjectmatteroraspecifictopicdealtwithbytheoriginalspeaker.Aninterpreter,should,nevertheless,tryhisbesttofollowthesoundflowoftheoriginalspeakerandmustnotlosethethreadofwhattheoriginalspeakerissayingandisdrivingat.

Accurateandintelligibleoralreproduction.Withinthelimitedtimeathisproposal,aninterpretermustalwaysbearinhismindthatitistheideaorthemeaningoftheoriginalspeaker,notmerelywordsthatshouldbetranslatedaccuratelyandassmoothlyaspossibleintothetargetlanguage.Aninterpretershouldlearntostrikeabalancebetweenthe“parts”orwordsandthe“whole”ormeaning;nottoperfecttheinterpretationofeveryindividualwordattheexpenseoflosingthethreadofwhatthespeakerissaying.

1.1.2BasicQualitiesRequiredofInterpreters

●Acutehearing.Aninterpretershouldbeawarethattohearininterpretingisnotmerelyto

knowallthe“words”thatarebeingspoken.Itisimperativetograspthe

“idea”ortherealmeaningoftheoriginalspeaker,especiallyoftheEnglish

speakerwhilelistening,nomatterhowcomplexthesubjectmatter,or

topics,howunusualtheoriginalspeaker’sstyleoraccentorintonationmight

be.Aninterpretershouldbesoberlyawarethatwithextremelyrare

exceptionsonlywhatisclearlyheardandgraspedcouldbeproperlyrendered

intothetargetlanguage.

●Agoodarticulation.Theinterpreter’sarticulationandelocutionshouldbereasonablygood.

Heshouldbecarefulnottoswallowpartofhiswords.Heshouldmoreover

seetoitthathisvoiceshouldcarrywellandbepleasanttohear.Inshort,he

shouldformthegoodhabitofspeakingdistinctlyandnaturally,andtakecare

nevertosoundaffected.FortheChineseEnglishlearners,pronunciationand

intonationproblemshavebeenbigbarrierstoagoodarticulation.

●Agoodmemory.Twothingsareusuallyexpectedofaninterpreter’smemory.First,itshould

storeupanexceptionallylargevocabulary,includingtherelevantspecialized

terms,andagreatwealthofrelevantimportantphrases,proverbsidioms,

sentencepatternsandexpressionsalongwiththecorrespondingcorrect

translationinthetargetlanguage.Second,itshouldaccuratelyabsorband

retaintheideaorseriesofideasjustexpressedbythespeaker.Instant

memory,too,canbetrainedinanintensiveprocessofpractice.

●Familiaritywithsimultaneousnotestaking.Agoodinterpretermustbegoodatnotes-

taking.Heshouldlearntobeabletoconcentrateonlisteningtograspthe

speaker’sideawhilejottingdownafew“keywords”inthemeantime,

usuallywitheachword（orsignorsymbol）representingasensegroupora

figure,orapropername,etc.Theobjectofnotes-takingismainlyto

supplementmemoryefficiency,soastoensureaccuracyininterpreting.

Simultaneousnotes-takingisaskillthatcanbeacquiredthroughproper

trainingandpracticing,whichmaybetime-consuming.Sometimesitisnot

encouragedinclassroomteaching,becauseitisdistractingpartofthe

trainees’attentionswhichshouldbegiventolisteningtoandmemorizing

whatthespeakerissayingorhassaid.

●Quickandaccurateresponse.Thisrefersmainlytospeedinessandaccuracyincompleting

theprocessof“understanding---memorizing---transference---speaking”on

thepartoftheinterpreter.Hereaccuracyisstatedsidebysidewith

speedinesstoruleoutthetendencyof“toomuchofahurry”todothe

interpretationonthepartofthebeginners.

1.2PracticeTaskOne

SentenceInterpretation

InterpretthefollowingSentences

1.Today,businessistechnicallydefinedastheproduction,distributionandsalesofgoodsandservicesforprofit.

2.Thescopeofinternationalbusinesscoversawiderangeofsignificantsectors.Internationaltransactionsinphysicalgoodsinvolveproductsfrommining,petroleum,agriculture,andmanufacturingactivities.

3.Internationaltransactionsinservicesareextensiveintheconstruction,hotel,tourism,businessconsulting,andretailingandwholesalingsectors;infinancialareassuchascommercialandinvestmentbanking,securities,andinsurance;inairandoceantransportation.

4.Internationaltransactionsinservicesalsoincludetheareaofcommunicationsmedia,suchas

radio,television,telegraph,telephone,magazines,books,newspapers,newsservices,and

movies.

5.Internationaltransactionsinintangiblesoccurinthefieldssuchastechnology,trademarks,andcross-borderdatatransmission.

6.贸易之所以产生是由于地域的多样性。

一些地方能够更加有效地，或者以更低的成本生

产一样东西，经济学家把这一特点称作比较优势。

7.中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，有着丰富的劳动力资源，和快速增长的经济，其市场

潜力也在持续增大。

而美国则是世界上最大的发达国家，其财力雄厚、技术先进、并有

着世界上最大的消费市场。

所以，两个的经济高度互补。

8.如果一个国家的出口大于进口，这叫做贸易顺差，反之，一个国家进口大于出口，贸易

逆差就会出现。

所有的国家都设法保持贸易顺差，这样才能确保他们拥有购买必要的进

口物品的支付手段。

9.对于国家来讲，进口会增加其国内生产的（同一类型）产品的竞争；而出口则会给国内

的制造商提供一个出售其产品的大市场，并且有助于降低其产品的单位生产成本。

10.在经济、金融和政治领域里不断增加的国际磋商和合作，在未来的若干年里，肯定会

带来世界贸易的繁荣局面。

1.3PracticeTaskTwo

TextInterpretation

1.InterprettheFollowingPassageintoChinese

词语清障

itspredecessor:

前身。

GeneralAgreementonTradeandTariffs:

关税及贸易总协定。

thelegalandinstitutionalfoundation:

法律与组织机构的基础。

multilateraltradingsystem:

多边贸易体系。

plural-lateral:

多边的。

aforum:

论坛，讲坛。

tradedispute:

贸易纠纷。

tooversee:

监督。

globaleconomicpolicy-making:

全球经济政策的制定。

legaltexts:

法律文件。

governmentprocurement:

政府采购。

rulesoforiginandintellectualproperty:

（保护）原产地和知识产权的规则。

Ministerialdeclarations:

部长会议宣言。

tospelloutfurtherobligationsandcommitments:

进一步阐明了世贸组织成员国的责任与义

务。

thehighestauthority:

最高权威。

toconducttheday-to-day,regularwork:

处理世贸组织的日常事务。

toconvene:

召集会议。

thedisputesettlementprocedure:

解决争议的整个程序。

theTradePolicyReviewBody:

贸易政策审查机构。

individualWTOmembers:

.各个成员国。

toensurefreeflowofinternationaltradeasitsultimategoal:

其终极目的就是国际贸易的自由

化。

transitionperiod:

过渡期。

WTOprovisions:

世贸组织条款、规定。

BriefIntroductionofWTO

TheWorldTradeOrganizationwithitspredecessorasGeneralAgreementonTradeandTariffswasestablishedon1January1995.Itisthelegalandinstitutionalfoundationofthemultilateraltradingsystem.TheWTOisbasedinGeneva,Switzerland.Itsessentialfunctionsareasfollows:

●administeringandimplementingthemultilateralandplural-lateraltradeagreements

whichtogethermakeuptheWTO;

●actingasaforumformultilateraltradenegotiations;

●seekingtoresolvetradedisputes;

●overseeingnationaltradepolicies;

●cooperatingwithotherinternationalinstitutionsinvolvedinglobaleconomicpolicy-making.

TheWTOAgreementcontainssome29individuallegaltexts---coveringeverythingfromagriculturetotextilesandclothing，andfromservicestogovernmentprocurement,rulesoforiginandintellectualproperty.Addedtothesearemorethan25additionalMinisterialdeclarations,decisionsandunderstandingsthatspelloutfurtherobligationsandcommitmentsforWTOmembers.

ThehighestauthorityoftheorganizationtheMinisterialConference,whichiscomposeofrepresentativesofallWTOmembercountries.TheMinisterialConferenceisrequiredtomeetatleasteverytwoyears.Itissupposedtomakedecisionsonallmattersunderanyofthemultilateraltradeagreements.TheGeneralCouncil,alsocomposeofallWTOmembers,conductstheday-to-day,regularworkonbehalfoftheMinisterialConference.TheGeneralCouncilconvenesintwoparticularforms----astheDisputeSettlementBody,whichistooverseethedisputesettlementprocedures,andastheTradePolicyReviewBody,whichistoconductregularreviewsofthetradepoliciesofindividualWTOmembers.

Obviou