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植物表皮蜡质相关文献阅读
蜡质相关文献阅读
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菊科千里光蜡质合成相关蛋白
[Themajorcuticularcomponentshavebeenshowntobesynthesizedintheepidermis.Therefore,cloningofepidermis-specificgenescouldyieldinformationtobeusedtoisolateandcharacterizetheenzymesinvolvedinthecuticlebiosynthesis.AsubtractivecDNAlibrarywaspreparedfromSenecioodorusinwhichepidermis-specificcDNAswereenriched.Differentialscreeningofthelibraryusingepidermalandnon-epidermalprobesrevealedtwocDNAs.Oneofthemdesignatedepi425wasidentified,basedonthesequencehomology,asamemberofanewclassintheLTPgenefamilyandtheotherclonedesignatedepi23asageneencodinganaldehydedecarbonylase.Northernblotanalysesshowedthatepi425andepi23cDNAshybridizedwithatranscriptofabout600and2,100nucleotides,respectively,fromtheepidermisbutnotfromthenon-epidermaltissues.Furthercharacterizationofthesecloneswillprovidemoreinformationonthemechanismofthecuticlebiosynthesis.](3)
SenecioodoruslipidtransferproteinmRNA,3'endGenBank:
L33792.1
lipidtransferprotein[Senecioodorus]GenBank:
AAA33934.1
千里光多年生草本。
茎木质细长,高约2~5米,曲折呈攀援状,上部多分枝,有脱落性的毛。
叶互生;椭圆状三角形,或卵状披针形,长7~10厘米,宽3.5~4.5厘米,先端渐尖,基部戟形至截形,边缘具不规则缺刻状的齿牙,或呈微波状,或近于全缘,有时基部稍有深裂,两面均有细软毛。
头状花序顶生,排列成伞房花序状,头状花序径约1厘米;总苞圆筒形,苞片10~12片,披针形或狭椭圆形,长5~6毫米,宽2毫米,先端尖,无毛或少有细毛;周围舌状花黄色,雌性,约8朵,长约9毫米,宽约2毫米,先端3齿裂;中央管状花,黄色,两性,长约6.5毫米,先端5裂。
瘦果圆筒形,长约3毫米,有细毛;冠毛长约7毫米,白色。
花期10月到翌年3月。
果期2~5月。
生于路旁及旷野间。
可否从这个蛋白入手?
测蜡质的方法:
●3.1.Collectionofepicuticularwaxfromraspberryplants,samplepreparationandanalysisbyGCandGC±MSandconductofbiosassaywithaphidsDetailsofplantgrowth,samplecollection,analyticalinstrumentation,chromatographicconditionsandana-lyticalmethodologyforchemicalanalysisofthewaxbyGCandGC±MS,aregivenintheprecedingpaperandbyShepherdetal.(1995a).(4)
●
●Surfacewaxfromthetop3cmofboltingstems,followingremovalofbuds,flowersandsiliques,wasextractedinhexanefor30s.Total[intracellularandcuticular]waxcomponentswereextractedfromepidermalpeelsbyimmersionofepidermalpeelsinhexane.Toallextracts,10μgof17:
1FAMEinternalstandardwereaddedandtheextractswerethendriedunderastreamofnitrogengas.N,Obis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamidewith1%trimethylchlorosilanewasaddedandderivatizationofsamplesproceededat80oCfor90min,followedbyanalysisonanHP6890GCsystem.TheGCcolumnwasanHP-5(30mlength,0.32mmcapillarydiameter)withheliumascarriergas.Thewaxprogramusedaninitialtemperatureof140oC,increasingat4oCmin-1to320oCwhereitremainedfor10min.Waxcomponentswereidentifiedbyretentiontimes,comparedtoknownstandards,andquantifiedbasedonflameionizationdetectorpeakareas,comparedtotheinternalstandard.Waxloadswereexpressedperunitsurfacearea,whichwascalculatedfromstemdiameters(measuredmicroscopicallyonfreehandsections)and3cmlength.ResultswereconfirmedbyindependentGCandGC-MSanalysesusingthemethodsasoutlinedinR.Jetter,S.SchäfferPlantPhysiol.126,1725(2001)(5).
AnalysisofCuticularWaxCompositionandLoads
Cuticularwaxeswereextractedfromtheleaves(200to1000mg)andstems(200mg)of4-week-oldplantsinchloroformfor30satroomtemperature.n-Octacosane,docosanoicacid,and1-tricosanolwereaddedtotheextractedchloroformsolventasinternalstandards.Thesolventwassubsequentlyevaporatedunderagentlestreamofnitrogenandredissolvedinamixtureof100mLofpyridineand100mLofbis-N,N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide.Thewaxmixtureswereheatedat908C
for30mintoconvertwaxesintotrimethylsilylderivatives.Qualitativeandquantitativecompositionanalyseswereconductedasdescribedpreviously(Leeetal.,2009a,2009b).ThePvaluesfromeachcomparisonwerecorrectedformultipletestsusingFDRcontrol(BenjaminiandHochberg,1995).
AnalysisofCutinPolyesterMonomers
Rosetteleavesof4-week-oldplantsgrowninsoilwereusedtoquantifycutinpolyestermonomers.Methylheptadecanoateandv-pentadecalactonewereaddedasinternalstandardsintothedelipidatedanddriedleavesandthendepolymerizedbyhydrogenolysiswithLiAlH4orbymethanolysiswithNaOCH3.Cutinpolyesterswereanalyzedbygaschromatography–massspectrometry(GCMS-QP2010;Shimazu)withaHP-5column(60m,0.32mminnerdiameter,filmthickness0.1mm;Agilent).Theanalysissystemwasmaintainedat1108C.Thetemperaturewasincreasedto3008Catarateof2.58Cmin21andmaintainedat3008Cfor3min.
[TheMYB96TranscriptionFactorRegulatesCuticularWaxBiosynthesisunderDrought]
蜡质成分分析:
GC-MS[气象色谱-质谱联用技术]
取第二至三片全展叶叶片,计算其表面积后,立即进行蜡质的提取。
将叶片置于室温状态下30mL氯仿中,30s后取出,再将处理后的叶片置于60℃氯仿中萃取30s,将两次萃取的氯仿合并后,用氮吹仪吹干氯仿,称取蜡质质量,计算单位面积蜡质含量。
在取样品中加入5μg正二十四烷作为内参,然后将样品转入GC瓶,加入10μlBSTFA和10μl吡啶,70℃衍生1小时。
液氮吹去BSTFA和吡啶。
每个样品加200μl氯仿溶解。
GC-MS分析。
蜡质组分用通用型VF-17MS毛细管柱,规格30m×0.25mm×0.25μm,GC-MS仪为GC–MS-QP2010。
进样量1μl,载气为氦气,柱流速为2ml/min恒流。
进样温度为280℃,50℃保持2min后,以40℃/min升温至200℃,保持2min;再以3℃/min升温到320℃,该温度保持25min。
蜡质组分可以通过离子峰出峰时间,从质谱库中检索判定蜡质成分。
蜡质含量依据峰面积与内参比较进行计算。
单位内蜡质含量依据叶表蜡质抽提面积进行计算。
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蜡质合成路径:
PathwaywascreatedonThuJun2,2011.
Contributedbyaracyc:
Above-groundepidermalsurfacesofvascularplantsarecoveredbyalipophiliclayerknownasthecuticle.Plantcuticlesarecomposedofcutin(cutinbiosynthesis)andcuticularwax.Themajorcomponentsofcuticularwaxareverylongchainfattyacids(chainlengthisgreaterthan18carbon)andverylongchainfattyacidderivedaldehydes,alkanes,secondaryalcohols,ketones,primaryalcohols,andwaxesters.Thecompositionofcuticularwaxvariesamongspeciesandevenwithinspeciesindifferenttissuesandatdifferentdevelopmentalstages.【成分:
长链脂肪酸,醛,烷烃,二级醇,酮,一级醇,蜡酯。
】
Partsofthispathwayoccurin:
cytosol细胞质中 nucleus细胞核中
Legend:
Symbols
geneormetabolite
RNA
protein(complex)
Symbolcolors
cytosol
nucleus
Interactiontypes
+regulation
-regulation
enzymatic
composition
other
蜡质合成相关基因:
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compounds(Aartsetal.1995;Chenetal.2003;Fiebigetal.2000;Hansenetal.1997;Millaretal.1999;Negruketal.
1996;Pruittetal.2000;St-Pierreetal.1998;Toddetal.1999;Xiaetal.1996,1997;Xuetal.1997;Zhangetal.2005),whereasCER3,GL2,GL15,andWIN1/SHN1encoderegulatoryproteins(Aharonietal.2004;Brounetal.2004;Hannoufaetal.1996;MooseandSisco1996;Tackeetal.1995).Mutationinmostofthesegenesshowedalteredwaxaccumulation(Jenksetal.2002).Co-suppressionofsomeofthegenesinArabidopsisresultedinreducedwaxonstems(Millaretal.1999;Toddetal.1999),andoverexpressionofsomeofthesegenesintheArabidopsismutantscomplementedthemutantphenotypes(Fiebigetal.2000;Hannoufaetal.1996).However,onlyafewreportsdiscusstheeffectofover-expressionofthesegenesinthewild-typebackground.Over-expressionofthecondensingenzymegeneCER6/CUT1underthecontroloftheCaMV35Spromoterfailedtopromotewaxdeposition(Millaretal.1999),whereasunderthecontroloftheepidermis-specificCER6promoter,CER6/CUT1overexpressionledtoincreasedwaxloadinstemsofArabidopsis(Hookeretal.2002).Theonlyreportonincreasedwax
accumulationinleaftissuesofArabidopsiswasontheover-expressionofAP2/EREBPtranscriptionalactivator(Aharonietal.2004;Brounetal.2004).Over-expressionofWXP1underthecontroloftheCaMV35Spromoterledtoincreasedcuticularwaxloadingontheleafsurfaces,reducedwaterloss,andenhanceddroughttoleranceoftransgenicalfalfa(Zhangetal.2005).TransgenicexpressionofWXP1orofitsparalogWXP2inArabidopsisalsoleadstoincreasedwaxdepositionandenhanceddroughttolerance(Zhangetal.2007).
CER1;一些可能是蜡质合成的调节基因,如CER3。
CER6是目前唯一研究得较为清楚且功能明确的蜡质基因,它是延长C24超长链脂肪酸必需的基因。
CER6在拟南芥整个生育期都有很高的表达量,而且仅在表皮细胞中表达,唯一例外的是将要成熟的花粉中CER6的mRNA是在绒毡层中表达的。
一些植株CER6的过量表达导致拟南芥茎表皮蜡质含量增加,所以可以判断CER6的表达水平是拟南芥茎表皮蜡质积累的控制因素之一。
而在WIN1过表的植株中,这些蜡质合成基因被诱导,其中CER1的变化最明显,KCS1和CER2也显著增加。
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参考文献:
1.SturaroM,etal.(2005)CloningandcharacterizationofGLOSSY1,amaizegeneinvolvedincuticlemembraneandwaxproduction.PlantPhysiology138
(1):
478.
2.向建华(2006)水稻WAX2同源基因的克隆及遗传转化的研究.(湖南农业大学硕士学位论文).
3.PyeeJ(1996)Cloningofepidermis-specificcDNAsencodingalipidtransferproteinandanaldehydedecarbonylasefromSenecioodorus.JournalofPlantBiology(KoreaRepublic).
4.ShepherdT,RobertsonG,GriffithsD,&BirchA(1999)Epicuticularwaxesterandtriacylglycerolcompositioninrelationtoaphidinfestationandresistanceinredraspberry(RubusidaeusL.).Phytochemistry52(7):
1255-1267.
5.PighinJA,etal.(2004)PlantcuticularlipidexportrequiresanABCtransporter.Science306(5696):
702.
6.王友华(2010)水稻ERF转录激活子DRF2调控叶表蜡质合成.(中国农业科学院).
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cuticularwaxformationbyepidermalcells.PlantBiology59
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683.
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443-456.
9.李法莲,张淼,朱彩霞,&邵群(2008)植物表皮蜡质的研究进展及WIN1对植物表皮蜡质的影响.现代农业科技11.
10.ZhangJY,BroecklingCD,SumnerLW,&WangZY(2007)HeterologousexpressionoftwoMedicagotruncatulaputativeERFtranscriptionfactorgenes,WXP1andWXP2,inArabidopsisledtoincreasedleafwaxaccumulationandimproveddroughttolerance,butdifferentialresponseinfreezingtolerance.PlantMolecularBiology64(3):
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11.LeideJ,HildebrandtU,ReussingK,RiedererM,&VoggG(2007)Thedevelopmentalpatternoftomatofruitwaxaccumulationanditsimpactoncuticulartranspirationbarrierproperties:
Effectsofad