打印《新编简明英语语言学教程》16章.docx

打印《新编简明英语语言学教程》16章.docx

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打印《新编简明英语语言学教程》16章

ChapterIIntroduction

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEorFALSE:

1.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.

2.CompetenceandperformanceisdistinguishedbySaussure.

3.Asynchroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.

4.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

5.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.

6.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.

7.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.

8.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.

9.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.

10.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.

11.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.

12.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.

13.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.

14.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.

15.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.

16.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.

17.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.

18.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.

19.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.

20.Synchroniclinguisticisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.

21.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.

22.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.

23.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.

24.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguage.

25.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.

26.Featuresthatcontrastwordsinmeaningarecalleddesignfeaturesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

27.Linguisticsymbolsarearbitrary.

28.ByarbitrarinessSaussuremeansthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearsomenaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblanks.

 1.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobed_______.

2. Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’sk__________oftherulesofhislanguage.

3.Languereferstothea__________linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.

43.D_________isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:

alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.

5.Languageisasystemofa_________vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

6.Sisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.

7.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds________.

8.Humancapacityforlanguagehasag____basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.

9.P____referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

10.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasa________linguistics.

11.Languageisp___________inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbe12

12.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthes____studyoflanguage.

13.Tohelpdefineandmaintaininterpersonalrelationsisthesfunctionoflanguage.

III.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.

1.Thedescriptionofalanguageinafixedinstantisa_______study.

A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.systematic

2.Theapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearningiscalled_____.

A.sociolinguisticsB.Psycholinguistics

C.computationallinguisticsD.AppliedLinguistics

3.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe______________.

A.prescriptiveB.analyticC.descriptiveD.linguistic

4.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?

A.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.Meaningfulness

5.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas____________.

A.primaryB.correctC.secondaryD.stable

6.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because___________.

A. inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting

B. speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.

C. speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue

D. Alloftheabove

7.Manymodernlinguistshavecriticizedtraditionalgrammariansforadoptinga_____approachtolanguagestudy.

A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.descriptive

8.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa____studyoflanguage.

A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.comparative

9.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,____referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

A.paroleB.performanceC.langueD.Language

10.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_________andmeanings.

A.senseB.soundsC.objectsD.ideas

11.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_________,

A.displacementB.dualityC.flexibility     D.culturaltransmission

12.Thedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadeby_______earlylastcentury.

A.AmericanlinguistN.ChomskyB.SwisslinguistF.deSaussure

C.AmericanlinguistEdwardSapirD.BritishlinguistJ.R.Firth

13.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisgoodproofthathumanlanguageis.

A.arbitraryB.rationalC.logicalD.cultural

Chapter2：

Phonology

I.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse:

1.  VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish. 

2.  Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution. 

3.  Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning. 

4.  EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot. 

5.  Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting. 

6. Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed. 

7. Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph. 

8.  Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:

thethroat,themouthandthechest.9.Thesound〔z〕isavoicedalveolarstop.

9.VoicingisadistinctivefeatureforEnglishconsonants.

10.Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentthatoccursinthesameplaceinthestring,thenthetwowordsarecalledminimalpairs.Sipandzipareaminimalpair,asarefineandvine,andvealandleaf.

11. Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing. 

12. Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest. 

13. Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar. 

12.  Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:

thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels. 

13. Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels. 

14.TheEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceandmannerofarticulation.

15.Thequalitiesofvowelsdependonthepositionsoflips.

16.Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme. 

17. Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning. 

18. Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories. 

19. Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultinachangeofmeaning. 

20. Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast. 

21. Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific. 

22. Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.

23.Articulatoryphoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.

24.Thespeechsoundsinalmosteverylanguagecanbedividedintotwomajornaturalclasses:

consonantsandvowels.

25.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.

26.Suprasegmentalfeaturesaredistinctive