高考英语二轮复习课堂专练专题04 阅读理解Ⅱ 细节理解题1.docx
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高考英语二轮复习课堂专练专题04阅读理解Ⅱ细节理解题1
专题4阅读理解Ⅱ:
细节理解题
班级姓名学号分数
(测试时间:
45分钟)
1.【湖北八校2018届高三上学期第一次联考】C
Citiesarelikelytobeaffectedbyoverheating,thankstosomethingcalledtheurbanheatislandeffect.Citiestendtobeshortoftrees,whichprovideshade,andtheyarecoveredwithblackpavement,whichabsorbsheatfromthesun.Thinkofhowitfeelstowearadarkshirtversusawhiteshirtonasunnyday.Ablackshirtabsorbslight,heatingyouup.Butawhiteshirtreflectslight,keepingyoucool.
Theaveragetemperatureinacityofamillionormorepeoplecanbemorethan5degreesFhotterthansurroundingareas.Thatextra5degreescanturnahotdayfromuncomfortabletodeadly.Astemperaturesrise,citieswillbeanespeciallydangerousplacetobeduringaheatwave.Toprotectpublichealth,cityofficialsaregoingtomakethecitycooler.
Aspartofthateffort,LosAngelesiscoatingitsroadsinCoolSeal,agraypaintthatkeepsstreetsandparkinglots10degreescoolerthanblackasphalt(沥青).ItwillhelpAngelinossavemoneyduringthesummer,whenairconditioningsendspowerbillssoaring.Anditwillsavelivesbyloweringtemperaturesandimprovingairquality.Hotweatherworsensairpollutionbyturningcarexhaustintosmog,whichcanmakelifemiserableforpeoplewithasthma(哮喘)andotherbreathingproblems.
Ofcourse,LAwillhavetodomorethanpaintoverafewstreetstocooloffthecity.Angelinoswillalsoneedtoplantmoretreesandapplywhitepainttorooftops — atleastthosenotalreadycoveredinsolarpanels.WhileLAisapioneerofreflectivestreets,othercities,likeNewYork,arealreadyexperimentingwithreflectiveroofsor,likeMelbourne,loweringthetemperaturebyplantingtrees.LAishardlyaloneinitsefforttostaycool.
“Thisisanurgentchallenge,andit’smuchbiggerthanoneperson,”saidMayorGarcettiinarecentstatement.“ClimatechangeisafactoflifethatpeopleinLosAngelesandcitiesaroundtheworldlivewitheveryday.”
8.Whichofthefollowingcontributestotheurbanheatislandeffect?
A.Plantingmoretreesinthestreets.
B.Coveringthestreetswithwhitepaint.
C.Applyingreflectivepainttorooftops.
D.Furnishingeveryhousewithairconditioners.
9.Whatshouldthecityofficialsemphasizeduringhotsummer?
A.Howtomakethecitycooler.
B.Wheretowearawhiteshirt.
C.Whytocoattheroadswithblackpaint.
D.Whentocutofftheelectricitysupply.
10.WhatbenefitcanpeoplegainfromtheuseofCoolSeal?
A.Increasingtheindooractivities.
B.Promotingthesaleofairconditioners.
C.Makinglifeeasierandmorecomfortable.
D.Reducingthenumberofcolddays.
【答案】8.D9.A10.C
9.A【名题点睛】细节理解题一一对应型。
答案与题目在表达形式和意义上直接吻合,一一对应,一目了然。
文章细节的理解可以细化为:
(1)一一对应型。
答案与题目在表达形式和意义上直接吻合,一一对应,一目了然。
(2)语言转述型。
这是一类间接事实细节题,答案与题目在意义上运用了词义之间的转述关系,即正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的另一种表达。
(3)语意理解型。
这是一类深层事实细节理解题,答案与题目之间存在着一定的逻辑联系,这种联系需要建立在事实的基础上通过上、下文来进行判断、分析、归纳和整合,才能得出正确答案。
(4)是非辨别型。
(5)事实排序型。
【解题剖析】此题属于细节理解中的一一对应型。
答案与题目在表达形式和意义上直接吻合,一一对应,一目了然。
【答案定位】由文章第二段最后一句“Toprotectpublichealth,cityofficialsaregoingtomakethecitycooler.”可知,在炎热的夏季城市管理者应该强调如何去使城市凉爽,从而保护公众的健康。
【推理关系】题干Whatshouldthecityofficialsemphasizeduringhotsummer?
☞文章内容Toprotectpublichealth,cityofficialsaregoingtomakethecitycooler.
【答案】toprotectpublichealth,…☞A选项.Howtomakethecitycooler.
10.C细节理解题。
由文章倒数第三段“…LosAngelesiscoatingitsroadsinCoolSeal,agraypaintthatkeepsstreetsandparkinglots10degreescoolerthanblackasphalt(沥青).ItwillhelpAngelinossavemoneyduringthesummer,whenairconditioningsendspowerbillssoaring.Anditwillsavelivesbyloweringtemperaturesandimprovingairquality.”分析CoolSeal的介绍可知。
相比沥青,使用这种白漆可使街道和停车场气温下降10度,既能降低人们的生活开支,帮助省钱,又能减少污染,提高人们的生活质量。
故选C。
2.【广东七校联合体2018届高三第二次联考试】D
Newmercury(汞)threattooceansfromclimatechange
Risingtemperaturescouldboostmercurylevelsinfishbyuptoseventimesthecurrentrates,saidSwedishresearchersinanarticlepublishedinScienceJournal.They’vediscoveredwarmingincreaseslevelsofthetoxin(毒素)inseacreatures.Inexperiments,theyfoundthatextrarainfalldrivesuptheamountoforganicmaterialflowingintotheseas.Thisaltersthefoodchain,addinganotherlayerofcomplexorganismswhichbooststheconcentrationsofmercuryuptheline.
Mercuryisoneoftheworld’smosttoxicmetals,andaccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization,isoneofthetoptenthreatstopublichealth.Thesubstanceathighlevelshasbeenlinkedtodamagetothenervoussystem,paralysisandmentalimpairmentinchildren.
Themostcommonformofexposuretomercuryisbyeatingfishcontainingmethylmercury(甲基水银),anorganicformofthechemicalwhichformswhenbacteriareactwithmercuryinwater,soilorplants.Levelsofmercuryintheworld’secosystemshaveincreasedbybetween200%and500%,sincetheindustrialrevolution,sayexperts,drivenupbytheuseoffossilfuelssuchascoal.
Inrecentyearstherehavebeenconcentratedeffortstolimittheamountofmercuryenteringtheenvironment,withaninternationaltreaty,calledtheMinamataConvention,signedby136countriesinplacesince2013.
ResearchershopethattheMinamatatreatywillbesuccessfulandcountriesreducetheamountofmercurythatisbeingproduced.Otherwisethisdiscoveryofapreviouslyunknownsourcecouldhaveimpactsforhumanhealth.
Otherresearchersinthefieldsaythatthenewstudyhighlightsimportantissuesthathavepreviouslybeenlittleknown.
“Thisworkexperimentallyprovesthatclimatechangewillhaveasignificanteffectofmethylmercurybudgetsincoastalwatersanditsaccumulationinfish,”saidMilenaHorvatfromtheJozefStefanInstituteinSlovenia.
“Thisworkwillalsohelpusunderstandtheformationofmercuryinfishandhelpreducemercuryfromemissionsources(primarilyindustrial).”
12.WheredidSwedishresearchersfindwarmingincreaseslevelsofthetoxin?
A.InthePacificOcean.B.OntheContinent.
C.InRedSea.D.Inseacreatures.
13.Whatcancausedamagetothenervoussystem?
A.Exposuretomercury.B.Mercuryathighlevels.
C.Methylmercury.D.Theuseoffossilfuels.
14.Howdoesmethylmercuryform?
A.Bylimitingtheamountofmercuryenteringtheenvironment.
B.Byreducingtheamountofmercury.
C.Whenbacteriareactwithmercuryinwater,soilorplants.
D.Whenclimatechangereturnstonormal.
15.WhatcanweknowfromMilenaHorvat’swords?
A.Climatechangewillincreasethelevelsofmercuryinfood.
B.Levelsofmercuryintheworld’secosystemshaveincreasedbybetween200%and500%.
C.TheMinamataConventionhasbeensignedby136countriesinplacesince2013.
D.Mercuryreductionfromemissionsourcescanbebeneficialtofish.
【答案】12.D13.B14.C15.D
14.细节理解题。
根据Themostcommonformofexposuretomercuryisbyeatingfishcontainingmethylmercury(甲基水银),anorganicformofthechemicalwhichformswhenbacteriareactwithmercuryinwater,soilorplants.可知细菌同水、土壤或是植物中的汞反应,形成了甲基水银,所以选C。
15.细节理解题。
根据“Thisworkexperimentallyprovesthatclimatechangewillhaveasignificanteffectofmethylmercurybudgetsincoastalwatersanditsaccumulationinfish,”saidMilenaHorvatfromtheJozefStefanInstituteinSlovenia.可知排放源中汞含量的减少对鱼类有益处,所以选D。
3.【重庆市南开中学2017届高三上学期期中】C
Areyouafraidofsharks?
Whataboutsnakesorspiders?
Putthosefearsaside:
becauseintheU.S.you’refarmorelikelytobekilledorinjuredbyadeerskippingacrosstheroad.
Deercausemorethan200humansdeathseachyear,plussome29,000injuries,allbecauseofl.2millioncollisionsbetweenvehiclesanddeer.MostincidentsoccurintheeasternU.S.,wheredeerprosperwithoutnaturalpredatorslikewolvesandmountainlions.
‘‘That’stheregionintheU.S.wheredeer-vehiclecollisionsaresuchaproblem,andwhereitseemslikeaneffectivelargecarnivorereintroductioncouldmakeareallybigdifference.’’sayswildlifebiologistLauraPrughfromUniversityofWashington.Shethinksitwouldhelptoreintroducepredatorslikemountainlions,alsoknownascougars,pumasorpanthers,topartsoftheirhistoricrangefromwhichthey’vebeendrivenout.
TheresearcherssaythatbringingthepredatorsbacktotheeasternU.S.wouldmean22percentfewercollisionsbetweencarsanddeeroverthreedecades.Eachyearwouldseefivefewerhumandeaths,680fewerinjuriesandasavingsofsome$50million.SophieL.Gilbertthinkstherearegreatsocioeconomicbenefitsoflargepredatorrestorationthroughreducedwildlife-vehiclecollisionsandshesays,“Cougarshaveshownthattheycancoexistinshortdistancewithpeople,withveryfewconflicts,inalotofareasoutwest.”
Still,somefolksmightbeunderstandablynervousaboutthiskindofplan.Afterall,reintroducingpredatorsdoesn’tcomewithoutriskstopetsandtolivestock,andveryoccasionallytopeople.
“OurfearoflargepredatorsissonaturalandintensethatIdon’tthinkit’spossibletojustcompletelyclearitwithstatistics…whatIhopeisthatknowingthatthereactuallycanbesomemeasurablebenefitsmightmakepeoplealittlemoresupportiveandmaybebalancethatfearalittlebit.”saysLaura.
Indeed,thestatisticsshowthatcougarswouldpreventfivetimesasmanyhumandeathsfromdeer-relatedaccidentsastheywouldcausebyattacks.Butit’llbeatoughsell:
thepresswillcovercougarattacks,butastatisticallypreventeddeathdoesnotmakethenews.Nevertheless,“Ifpeopleinthewestcanputupwithhavingmountainlionsaround.IwouldhopethatNewYorkerswouldbeupforthechallengeaswell.”
9.Whydopeoplewanttobringbackmountainlions?
A.Tominimizetheaccidentscausedbydeer.
B.Tomaintainbiodiversityandecologicalbalance.
C.Totakeupthechallengefrompeoplein