西方基础知识.docx

西方基础知识.docx

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西方基础知识

1、TwomajorelementsinEuropeanculture:

theGreco-Roman/Judeo-Christian

2、Democracymeans:

“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”,butby“thewholepeople”,theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens,andcitizenshipwasasetofrightswhichamaninheritedfromhisfather,women,children,foreignersandslaveswereexcluded,theyhavenorights.

3、Homerepics:

theIliad/theOdyssey荷马史诗

4、Dramadevelopedinthe5thcenturyB.C

Tragedian悲剧作家

Aeschylus希腊的悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯—Prometheus普罗米修斯bound/Persians/Agamemnon阿伽门农,特洛伊战争中希腊军队的统帅

Sophocles—Oedipus[希神]俄狄浦斯theking/Electra/Antigone[希神]安提歌尼（底比斯王俄狄普斯之女,因违抗禁令而自杀身亡）

Euripides欧里庇得斯（希腊的悲剧诗人）—Andromache/Medea美狄亚（希腊神话中科尔喀斯国王之女,以巫术著称,曾帮助过伊阿宋取得金羊毛）/Trojan特洛伊women

Comedist喜剧作家

Aristophanes—Frogs/clouds/Birdswasps

5、Philosophy

Socrates（ti:

z）苏格拉底:

Dialogues<谈话录>他坚持的观点是人类的美德是一种知识，因此一切恶行都是无知的结果。

Plato（a发ei）柏拉图:

Dialogues对话录/theApology/Symposium（dealingwithbeautyandlove）/theRepublic

Plato’sphilosophyiscalledidealism理想主义,唯心论.

Aristotle亚里斯多德:

Ethics伦理学/Politics/Poetics诗论/Rhetoric修辞学

重点Whatshouldbeman’saiminlife?

Aristotle’sanswerwashappiness,butnothappinessinthevulgarsense,butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason,goodnessandcontemplation

Cynics犬儒主义P29

Diogenes第欧根尼（戴奥珍妮丝）：

希腊哲学家，哲学犬儒学派奠基人，强调自我控制和推崇善行。

说他曾提着灯在雅典大街漫步寻找诚实的人,decidedtolivelikeadogandtheword“cynic”means“dog”inGreek,herejectedallconventions–whetherofreligion,ofmanners,dress,housing,food,orofdecency.

6、RomanhistoryP38

Theyear27B.CdividedthehistoryofRomeintotwoperiods:

beforethen,Romehadbeenarepublic,inthatyear,OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustus.Twocenturieslater,theRomanempirereacheditsgreatestextend,encirclingtheMediterranean地中海,reachingScotlandinthenorthandspreadingintoArmeniaandMesopotamiaintheeast.Theemperorsreliedonastrongarmy—thefamousRomanLegions古罗马军团（约有3000至6000步兵,辅以数百名骑兵）andanefficientbureaucracy官僚机构toexerttheirrule,whichwasfacilitatedbyawelldevelopedsystemofroads.ThustheRomanenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelastingtwohundredyears,aremarkablephenomenoninhistoryknowasthepaxRoman罗马帝国统治下的和平.

7、Virgil维吉尔（古罗马诗人,公元前70-公元前19）

ThegreatestofLatinpoets,wrotethegreatepic,作品theAeneid《埃涅伊德》.

8、AboutBibleP52

TheBibleisacollectionofreligiouswritingscomprisingtwoparts:

theoldTestament旧约全书andthenewTestament.TheformerisaboutGodandthelawsofGod;thelatter,thedoctrine教义ofJesusChrist（i发ai音）,theword＂Testament＂means“agreement”–namelytheagreementbetweenGodandman.

9、RiseofChristianity（基督教）P73

AttheheartofChristianityisthelifeofJesus:

howhelivedanddiedtoredeem救赎thewholehumanrace.

WhyJesusbecrucified十字架钉死?

Jesuspropagated传播thefaithaboutGod—menshouldbelieveinGodandlovehimandbehavelikeGod’schildrenandloveanother.“everyoneisequal”beforeGod.

InAD30,inGalilee,Jesuswasregardedas被认作adangerousmanthatthreatentheclique派系inpower.Attheendofthreeyears,hewentwithhisdisciples（disaipl）信徒toJerusalem耶路撒冷forthePassover逾越节,butwasbetrayedbyJuda.Jesuswasrushedtotrialandcrucifiedasarevolutionarypreacheranddangerousreformer.

10、TranslationsoftheBibleP86

Aramaicdialect亚拉姆语

Hebrew希伯莱

Vulgateedition拉丁文圣经

11、What’smeanscodeofChivalry骑士制度?

P94

Asaknight,hewaspledged誓言toprotecttheweak,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandrespectwomenofnoblebirth贵族出身.TheseruleswereknowasacodeofChivalry.

12、基督教是如何成为合法的唯一宗教并被尊为国教P76

Constantine康斯坦丁大帝,whowonwarbetweenrivalsforthethrone君主andtheemperorofRoman.HebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhiminwinningthebattle,issuedtheEdictofMilanin313.Itgranted准予religionsfreedomtoall,andmadeChristianitylegal.

In392A.D,emperorTheodosiusmadeChristianity,theofficialreligionoftheempireandoutlawed宣布...为不合法allotherreligious.

13、Thecrusades十字军名字的由来？

为什么东征及东征的意义P99

Toexpresstheirreligiousfeelings,manypeopleinthemiddleAgeswentonjourneystosacred神圣的placeswhereearlyChristianleadershadlived.ThemostimportantofallwasJerusalem耶路撒冷.Butin1071Palestine（e发i音）felltothearmiesoftheTurkishMoslemswhounliketheArabsattackedtheChristianpilgrims朝圣者，killingmanyofthemandsoldmanyothersasslaves.Newofthiskindroused激起greatindignationamongChristiansinwesternEurope.TheresultwasaseriesofHolywars圣战calledcrusades十字军东侵whichwentonabout200years.AllthesoldiersgoingtoPalestineworearedcrossonthetunics束腰外衣assymbolofobedience顺从toGod.

Significance:

1*althoughthecrusadesdidnotachievetheirgoaltoregaintheHolyland,theyhadanimportanteffectonthefutureofboththeeastandwest.Theybroughttheeastintoclosercontactwiththewest,andtheygreatlyinfluentonhistoryofEurope.

2*crusadeshelpedtobreakdownfeudalism封建主义.

3*thecrusadesalsoresultedinrenewingpeople’sinterestinlearningandinvention.

14、NationalEpicsP105

TheepicwastheproductoftheHeroicAge古希腊的“英雄时代”

1*Beowulf（700~750A.D）,anAnglo-Saxon盎格鲁-撒克逊人epic.

2*SongofRolan罗兰之诗—about12thA.D

Itisthemostwell-knownofagroupofFrenchepicsknowsasLaChansondegestes.P111

15、Dante但丁Alighieri,Italy,greatestpoet.Thedivinecomedy《神曲》P118

16、Renaissance（nei）文艺复兴means?

14th~mid17thP129

Theword“Renaissance”meansrevival,specificallyinthisperiodofhistory,revivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture.

Subject:

humanity人权/Christianity神权

17、文艺复兴时期的新文学

GiovanniBoccaccio卜伽丘,Decameron（di）《十日谈》,其中收集了以逃避黑死病为忧郁背景的100个故事，100talestoldbyontheirwaytoescapetheblackdeathof1348,thetalesarewitty,licentious（ai）放荡的,fullofpraiseoftrueloveandwisdomandalsosatire（tai）讽刺文学onthehypocrisy伪善ofthepriestandthearistocrat贵族.

18、MartinLuther路德，马丁：

（1483-1546）德国神学家、欧洲宗教改革运动的领袖。

他反对教会阶层的富有和腐败，认为只要在信仰的基础上即可获得超度，而不须借助于教会的典籍，这些观点使他于1521年与天主教会脱离。

他肯定了1530年的奥格斯堡忏悔会，成功的建立了堤路德教会andhisDoctrinesP145

Germanleaderoftheprotestant（tis）（新教）reformation欧洲宗教改革运动.Hequotedthescripture基督教经文insupportofhisbeliefthatmenareredeemedbyfaithandnotbythepurchase（以某种代价）换得ofindulgences特许.

19、JohnCalvin卡尔文，约翰：

（1509-1564）法裔瑞士新教神学家，他破除了罗马教会统治（1533年），在今天为人所知的基督教学院（1536年）中将他自己的神学教义推向前进andCalvinism卡尔文主义：

约翰·卡尔文的宗教教义，强调上帝是万能的，以及仁慈上帝对人的超度作用p147

Frenchtheologian,work:

institutesoftheChristianreligion

CalvinismstressedtheabsoluteauthorityoftheGod’swill,holdingthatonlythosespeciallyelectedbyGodaresaved.Hebeliefwasthatanyformofsinfulnesswasalikelysign.

20、MigueldeCervantes塞万提斯,西班牙人1547-1616，renaissanceinSpain.

1*withthepublicationofdonQuixote<<堂吉诃德>>，theEuropeannovelenteredanewstage.

2*donQuixotewasaparody滑稽satirizing（i）讽刺性描写averypopulartypeofliteratureatthetime,theromanceofchivalry.It’ssourcesareromanticaswellasrealistic,truthfulandimaginative.

3*itisrecognizedasthefatherofthemodernEuropeannovel,andhashadgreatimpactonworldliterature.

21、WilliamShakespeare莎士比亚，威廉：

（1564-1616）英国戏剧家和诗人，他的作品被认为是英语文学作品中最伟大的戏剧，其中大多在伦敦的全球戏院演出过，包括历史作品，例如理查德二世；喜剧包括无事生非和皆大欢喜；悲剧包括哈姆雷特、奥赛罗和李尔王麦克白。

他还作过154首十四行诗。

他最早的戏剧集子，第一对开本，包含了36个戏剧，并在他死后出版（1623年）renaissanceinEnglandP176

Shakespearewasamanofthelaterenaissancewhogavethefullestexpressiontohumanistideals.

HewasinLondonasactor,poetandplaywright（剧作家）,withoccasionalvisitstohishometown.

Hamlet哈姆勒特kingLear李尔王Macbeth麦克白Othello奥赛罗

Asyoulikeit

AnthonyCleopatra安东尼和克里巴特拉

Thesonnets十四行诗

22、SirIsaalNewton牛顿1642-1727P193

Ofallhisachievementinphysics,hisdiscoveryofthelawoftheuniversalgravitation万有引力isthemostimportant,whichstatesthateverybodyattractsotherwithforcedirectlyproportional（成比例的）totheproductoftheirmassesandinverselyproportional（负比例）tothesquareofdistancebetweenthem.

23、FrancisBacon培根，弗朗西斯：

（1561-1626）英国哲学家、随笔作家、朝臣、法理学家和政治家。

TherealfatherofEnglishmaterialism唯物主义。

Theimportanceoftheexperiments.

其作品包括论科学的价值和发展（1605年）和新工具论（1620年），在这部著作里他提出了以观察和实验为基础的科学认识理论，作为归纳法理论逐渐为人所知P196

AnEnglishphilosopher,essayistandstatesman.

Works:

theadvancementoflearning

ThenewAtlantis

Newmethod新工具

Essays（e）培根语录

重要Twomethodsinthenovumorganum新工具论:

1*inductionmeansreasoningfromparticularfactsorindividualcasestoageneralconclusion.归纳法：

由特殊的事实或例子推理出的普遍性规律的过程

2*deductionmethod演绎法emphasizedreasoningfromaprinciplesotheunknownandfromthegeneraltothespecific.从所述前提得出一个结论；从一般推向特殊的推论

24、JohnLocke洛克1632-1704,英国哲学家P204

Englishempiricist经验主义者andanoutstandingpoliticalphilosopher.

Hismaterialistviews唯物主义观点areexpressed明确的inoneofhischiefworks:

Essayconcerninghumanunderstanding1960

Hisbasictheoryisthatallourideasareultimately根本、最终derived起源fromsensationorfromreflection,thatthesetwomakeupexperienceandthatallourknowledgespringsfrom来自experience.

25、JohnMilton米尔顿1608-1674,英国诗人P212

Epicpoems:

paradiselost《失乐园》/paradiseregained/Samsonagonist力士参孙

26、ReneDescartes（deika:

t）笛卡尔，莱恩：

（1596-1650）法国数学家，哲学家，因将笛卡尔坐标体系公式化而被认为是解析几何之父。

他的哲学思想基于唯理性的前提“我思故我在”1596-1650P213

Dualism二元论,thebodyisseparatedfromthemind.

Aphilosopher,physicistandmathematiciam.

HisbelievedthatmodernphilosophybeginswithBacon培根inEnglandandwithReneDescartesinFrance.

Majorworks:

rulesfordirectionofthemind

Discourseon详论method

Meditations（沉思）concerningfirstphilosophyandobjectionsandreplies

27、Frenchclassicism古典运动andwhatisclassicism?

P127

Classicismimpliestherevivaloftheformsandtraditionsoftheancientword,areturntoworksofoldGreek