Jane AustenA Transitional Writer in the English Literature.docx

Jane AustenA Transitional Writer in the English Literature.docx

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JaneAustenATransitionalWriterintheEnglishLiterature

JaneAusten,ATransitionalWriterintheEnglishLiterature

【摘要】简·奥斯汀是英国文学史上18世纪末新古典主义过渡到19世纪初浪漫主义的重要代表作家。

本文重点从两方面探讨她的过渡性：

一方面从作品的主题看，大部分奥斯汀的小说都反映了人们对婚姻态度及观念的变化；另一方面，从写作风格上看，她的作品以喜剧的形式讽刺社会，令人深思。

【关键词】简·奥斯；过渡时期

Asweallknow,itisnotuntilthesecondhalfofthe18thcenturythatwomennovelistsbegantoappearinEngland.Andsomegiftedwomenfromtheendofthe18thcenturyto19thcenturymadesomecontributionstothedevelopmentoftheEnglishnovel,whichevenwontheirplacesinthefrontranksofsomerealistslikeCharlesDickens,WilliamMakepeaceThackeray,etc.JaneAusten（1775-1817）wasjustsuchagreatwomanwriterinthisperiod.ShebroughttheEnglishnoveltoitsmaturityandhersatiricalfictionsmarkedthetransitionfromthe18th-centuryneoclassicismtothe19th-centuryromanticismintheEnglishliterature.

JaneAustenwasbornatSteventonandtheseventhchildofacountryclergymanfamily.Shewaseducatedathomeandpassedallherlifeindoingsmalldomesticdutiesinthecountryside.Shewrotesixcompletefamousnovels,includingSenseandSensibility（1811）,PrideandPrejudice（1813）,MansfieldPark（1814）,Emma（1816）,NorthangerAbbey（1818）,andPersuasion（1818）.

Shelivedandworkedattheturnofthecentury,whichwitnessedagreatchangeoftheEnglishsociety.SincetheIndustrialRevolutioninthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury,theEnglishsocialstructureunderwentrapidchanges.Theindustrialcapitalistsbegantocontrolnotonlytheeconomicbutalsothepoliticalpowerandthusthestrugglebetweentheworkersandcapitalistsalsobecamemoreandmoresharp.Consequently,peoplestartedtodoubtandevenlosehopetotheenlighteningthoughtsthatwaspopularinthefirsthalfofthe18thcentury.Literature,asa“barometer”ofthesociallife,alsoexperiencedgreatchange.Oneofthemostremarkablechangeswasintheliterarytaste.Thatistosay,peoplestartedtodislikeSwift’sbrutality,Defoe’sfrankrealism,andevenFielding’smasculinesatire.Sotheworkswiththerationaltonebegantogivewaytotheworksfullofsentiments.

Undersuchasocialandliteraryenvironment,JaneAustenexertedhertransitionalroleinEnglishliterature.Wecanseeitfromtwoaspects.

Firstly,intheme,mostofJaneAusten’snovelsreflecttheprocessofthechangeoftheattitudetowardsthemarriage.Asweallknow,inAusten’snovelSenseandSensibility,oneoftheheroine,ElinorDashwood,isquitesensible.Shethinksveryhighlyofamanwhoseworthinessinhereyesonlyincreaseswhenshelearnswhyhecannotmarryher.However,anotherheroine,MarianneDashwood,isverysentimentalatthebeginning.Soshetrustshersensesandfallsinlovewithamanwhointruthisnotasgoodasheseemsandfinallyisabandoned.Throughthedifferentfatesofthesetwosisters,JaneAustenshowsusherearlyattitudetowardsthemarriagethattomarryaccordingtosensewillendinfailurewhilewithrationwillsucceed.SuchathemereflectsthatatfirstJaneAusteninheritsthetraditionalenlighteningthoughts.However,hermindschangeinherlaternovels,especiallyinhernovelsPrideandPrejudiceandPersuasion.Inthesenovels,sentimentbecomesupperhandandattainssuccessintheend.Forexample,attheverybeginningofthenovelPrideandPrejudice,JaneAustenwrote,“Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.”1Andtheheroandtheroinearetheverysensiblepeople.Mr.Darcy,fromanoblefamily,hasastrongsenseoffamilystatusandturnsuphisnoseatthevulgarityofBennetfamily.AndElizabethBennetisalsoverysensitivetoherfamilybackgroundandbecomesinstantlyprejudicedagainstMr.Darcy,despitehisgoodlooksandgreatwealth.However,withthegradualdeepintercourseandunderstandingbetweenthesetwopeople,theyfallinlovewitheachotherandfinallysmashthebondsoftherationandsocialpressureandmarry.Sothisnovelshowsthevictoryofthesentiment,foritisjustthankstothedeeplovethatmakesthesetwopeoplefromdifferentclassstatussuccessfullymarry.ThisreflectsthatJaneAusten’screatingthoughtsbeginstochangefromtherationalismtotheromanticism.HerlastnovelPersuasionalsodisplayssuchachange.Therefore,wecansaythatitisjustthroughtheconflictbetweentherationandsentimentinthenovelsthatJaneAustenaccomplishesthetransitionfromtherationalliteraturetotheromanticliterature.

Moreover,herdevelopmentfromrationalismtotheromanticismalsoreflectsinhernewconceptofmarriage.Thatissheadvocatestheonlybaseofmarriageshouldbethetruelove,notthefamilybackgroundsandeconomicbase.ThisvividlyreflectsinthesceneofElizabethBennetrefusingMr.Collins’proposal.WhenMr.CollinsproposestoElizabeth,sheanswers,

“Ithankyouagainandagainforthehonoryouhavedonemeinyourproposals,buttoacceptthemisabsolutelyimpossible.Myfeelingsineveryrespectforbidit.”1

ThesewordsshowElizabeththedeterminationthatshepreferstokeepsingleinallherliferatherthantomarrytoMr.Collinswithoutlove,andtherefore,establisharomanticcharacter.

Secondly,hertransitionalrolealsodisplaysinherwritingstyle.Thatistosay,ontheonehand,sheinheritedsomecharacteristicsoftheneoclassicisminstyleandpaintedtheworldsheknew;soitisfoolishtoexpectfromherthehigh-flownsentiment;butontheotherhand,tosomedegree,herstyleisalsodifferentfromthepreviousenlighteningwriters,likeFielding,justassheherselfclaimedthatshenotonlypaintedtheworldshelivedinwithfidelity,butalsowithsympathy;withasensitivesenseofitsblemishes,butalsowithatrueinsightintoitsredeemingvirtues.Sohercharactersevolvethemselveswithoutanygreatdramaticepisodes.Andalthoughherlanguagesparkleswithwitandirony,theyaremoderate.HernovelPrideandPrejudiceprovidesagoodexampleforthispoint.WeknowthatMr.Collinsisaclergymaninthisnovel.Whenhesingshighpraiseforhispatroness,hesays,

“LadyCatherinewasreckonedproudbymanypeople,heknew,buthehadneverseenanythingbutaffabilityinher.Shehadalwaysspokentohimasshewouldtoanyothergentleman;shemadenotthesmallestobjectiontohisjoininginthesocietyoftheneighborhood,nortohisleavinghisparishoccasionallyforaweekortwotovisithisrelations.”2

ItistruethatthesewordsarealsothesatiretoMr.Collins’snobbery.Butdifferentfromthetraditionalsatire,JaneAustenistooconsciousofpeople’ssnobberytobeangrywiththem,andthusgiveshercriticismaflavorofhumor.Therefore,wesaythatinstylesheisalsoatransitionalwriterattheturnofthecentury,justasoneofthemostimportantneoclassicist,SirWalterScott,commentsonher,

“Thebigbow-wowstrainIcandomyself,likeanynowgoing;buttheexquisitetouchwhichrendersordinarycommonplacethingsandcharactersinterestingfromthetruthofthedescriptionandthesentimentisdeniedme.”3

Tosumup,throughtheaboveanalysis,wecanmakesuchasummarythatJaneAustenplaysatransitionalroleintheEnglishliteraturefromthe18thneoclassicismtothe19thromanticism.Trainedintheenlighteningtradition,shedisplaysthefeelingmoderately;influencedbythecomingromanticism,shesatirizesthesocietyincomedy.SoitmightbeanerrortosaythatJaneAustenisincapableofsentiment,becausenobadycancreateatruecomedyoflifewithoutromanceandpassionthatiseveninthehumblestexistence.

【Notes】

[1]Austen,Jane,1997,PrideandPrejudice,BeiJing:

ForeignLanguageTeaching&ResearchPress&Oxford

UniversityPress,p.1.

[2]Austen,Jane,1997,PrideandPrejudice,BeiJing:

ForeignLanguageTeaching&ResearchPress&Oxford

UniversityPress,p.48.

[3]Craik,W.A.1965,JaneAusten:

TheSixNovels,NewYork:

Barnes&NobleInc.,p.56.

【References】

[1]Austen,Jane,1997,PrideandPrejudice,BeiJing:

ForeignLanguageTeaching&ResearchPress&OxfordUniversityPress.

[2]Craik,W.A.1965,JaneAusten:

TheSixNovels,NewYork:

Barnes&NobleInc.,p.56.

[3]Rubinstein,AnnetteT.1953,TheGreatTraditioninEnglishLiteraturefromShakespearetoShaw,NewYork:

TheCitadelPress.

[4]朱红编写，1985，《奥斯丁研究》，北京：

中国文联出版公司。

英语专业毕业论文的写作方法

Introduction:

毕业论文或学士学位论文（thesis）是每个本科生在毕业之前最重要的一项学习任务。

写作毕业论文是总结、检验、深化所学专业知识的过程，同时也可以训练学生分析和解决问题的实际能力，从而为毕业后继续学习和运用所学专业知识进行更高层次的研究奠定基础。

因此，每个本科生都必须认真对待，努力写好毕业论文。

完成毕业论文，需要一定的专业知识，也需要正确的写作方法。

毕业论文或学士论文是一种研究性论文（researchpaper）。

它的语气、格调和格式不同于非正规文体，如技术报告、随笔等。

毕业论文也讲究一定的学术性，但其要求与目的不同于在学术期刊上发表的学术论文。

毕业论文是一种正规作文，必须遵循正规作文的规范。

完成一篇毕业论文，一般要经过选择方向（论题）、确定论文题目、收集资料、研究分析参考资料、整理论据、拟订参考书目、拟订论文提纲、构思、拟写初稿、修改润色、校对和定稿等步骤。

1.1选择论题和确定论文题目

选择论题和确定论文题目，应当考虑论题的学术研究价值，并力求有自己的见解，还必须考虑自己的专业水平、写作能力以及资料来源、写作时间等客观因素。

在确定论文题目的过程中，不宜草率从事、急于求成。

英语专业涉及的范围很广，包括英语语言、英汉互译、英美文学、英美文化和英语教学法。

其中英语语言又包括语法、语音、词汇和修辞等领域。

另外，历史研究也是也是一大方向，如英语史、翻译史、文学史等。

选择论题和确定论文题目，应以“小题大做”为原则，其要领是：

先从上述范围内选择一个方向，然后逐渐缩小范围.

选择论题与确定题目，必须弄明白研究方向、论题、题目之间的关系。

研究方向是一个研究领域，范围较大、较泛。

论题指论文要论证的命题，而论文题目只是论题的概括。

如，英语翻译技巧是一个研究的方向，而论证翻译技巧的性质、用途就可成为一个论题。

总之，确定论文题目应当在一个易于操作的小范围里去考虑。

因为题目涉及的范围越小，越容易写得全面、深刻，从而使论文更有说服力。

另外，每个领域都有各自的具体内容和特点。

因此，在考虑具体论题之前，先要了解特定领域的一般性知识，然后逐渐将自己的注意力集中于某个论题。

1.2收集资料、分析资料、拟定参考书目

从某种意义上说，选择与确定论题的过程首先是收集和阅读资料的过程。

资料的来源主要是学校的图书馆和资料室，以及Internet的相关网站。

查找、收集资料，必须熟悉掌握查阅资料的有关知识与方法。

同时，在查阅资料的过程中应适时地做些记录。

记录内容包括：

作者名、书名能够、版本、出版单位、出版地点、出版日期和参考资料的页码等。

参考资料若出自期刊，则应包括：

刊物名称、期刊号、资料所在页码、文章作者、文章标题等。

Internet为写作毕业论文提供了极大的方便，但网上充斥着各种各样的信息，须注意甄别是专家权威的东西还是业余爱好者的东西，在引进论文时还须说明是否是专家权威的观点，并须注明出处，以免抄袭之嫌。

确定论题之后，就是研究分析资料和拟定参考书目（workingbibliography）。

写毕业论文需要利用各种参考资料，但写作毕业论文决不仅仅时收集资料，或简单的“剪刀加浆糊”的工作。

通常我们收集的资料都会多于实际写进论文里去的资料，论文作者必须对自己收集到的资料加以筛选和分析整理，并结合自己预想的