传感器的基础知识中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

传感器的基础知识中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

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传感器的基础知识中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外翻译

Basicknowledgeoftransducers

Atransducerisadevicewhichconvertsthequantitybeingmeasuredintoanoptical,mechanical,or-morecommonly-electricalsignal.  Theenergy-conversionprocessthattakesplaceisreferredtoastransduction.

Transducersareclassifiedaccordingtothetransductionprincipleinvolvedandtheformofthemeasured.Thusaresistancetransducerformeasuringdisplacementisclassifiedasaresistancedisplacementtransducer.Otherclassificationexamplesarepressurebellows,forcediaphragm,pressureflapper-nozzle,andsoon.

1、TransducerElements

Althoughthereareexception,mosttransducersconsistofasensingelementandaconversionorcontrolelement.Forexample,diaphragms,bellows,straintubesandrings,bourdontubes,andcantileversaresensingelementswhichrespondtochangesinpressureorforceandconvertthesephysicalquantitiesintoadisplacement.Thisdisplacementmaythenbeusedtochangeanelectricalparametersuchasvoltage,resistance,capacitance,orinductance.Suchcombinationofmechanicalandelectricalelementsformelectromechanicaltransducingdevicesortransducers.Similarcombinationcanbemadeforotherenergyinputsuchasthermal.Photo,magneticandchemical,givingthermoelectric,photoelectric,electromaanetic,andelectrochemicaltransducersrespectively.

2、TransducerSensitivity

TherelationshipbetweenthemeasuredandthetransduceroutputsignalisusuallyobtainedbycalibrationtestsandisreferredtoasthetransducersensitivityK1=output-signalincrement/measuredincrement.Inpractice,thetransducersensitivityisusuallyknown,and,bymeasuringtheoutputsignal,theinputquantityisdeterminedfrominput=output-signalincrement/K1.

3、CharacteristicsofanIdealTransducer

Thehightransducershouldexhibitthefollowingcharacteristics

a） highfidelity-thetransduceroutputwaveformshapebeafaithfulreproductionofthemeasured;thereshouldbeminimumdistortion.

b） Thereshouldbeminimuminterferencewiththequantitybeingmeasured;thepresenceofthetransducershouldnotalterthemeasuredinanyway.

c） Size.Thetransducermustbecapableofbeingplacedexactlywhereitisneeded.

d） Thereshouldbealinearrelationshipbetweenthemeasuredandthetransducersignal.

e） Thetransducershouldhaveminimumsensitivitytoexternaleffects,pressuretransducers,forexample,areoftensubjectedtoexternaleffectssuchvibrationandtemperature.

f） Thenaturalfrequencyofthetransducershouldbewellseparatedfromthefrequencyandharmonicsofthemeasurand.

4、ElectricalTransducers

Electricaltransducersexhibitmanyoftheidealcharacteristics.Inadditiontheyofferhighsensitivityaswellaspromotingthepossibleofremoteindicationormesdurement.

Electricaltransducerscanbedividedintotwodistinctgroups:

a） variable-control-parametertypes,whichinclude:

i）resistance

ii） capacitance

iii） inductance

iv） mutual-inductancetypes

Thesetransducersallrelyonexternalexcitationvoltagefortheiroperation.

b） self-generatingtypes,whichinclude

i） electromagnetic

ii）thermoelectric

iii）photoemissive

iv）piezo-electrictypes

Theseallthemselvesproduceanoutputvoltageinresponsetothemeasurandinputandtheireffectsarereversible.Forexample,apiezo-electrictransducernormallyproducesanoutputvoltageinresponsetothedeformationofacrystallinematerial;however,ifanalternatingvoltageisappliedacrossthematerial,thetransducerexhibitsthereversibleeffectbydeformingorvibratingatthefrequencyofthealternatingvoltage.

5、ResistanceTransducers

Resistancetransducersmaybedividedintotwogroups,asfollows:

i） Thosewhichexperiencealargeresistancechange,measuredbyusingpotential-dividermethods.Potentiometersareinthisgroup.

ii）Thosewhichexperienceasmallresistancechange,measuredbybridge-circuitmethods.Examplesofthisgroupincludestraingaugesandresistancethermometers.

5.1Potentiometers

Alinearwire-woundpotentiometerconsistsofanumberofturnsresistancewirewoundaroundanon-conductingformer,togetherwithawipingcontactwhichtravelsoverthebarwires.Theconstructionprinciplesareshowninfigurewhichindicatethatthewiperdisplacementcanberotary,translational,oracombinationofbothtogiveahelical-typemotion.Theexcitationvoltagemaybeeithera.c.or  d.c.andtheoutputvoltageisproportionaltotheinputmotion,providedthemeasuringdevicehasaresistancewhichismuchgreaterthanthepotentiometerresistance.

Suchpotentiometerssufferfromthelinkedproblemofresolutionandelectricalnoise.Resolutionisdefinedasthesmallestdetectablechangeininputandisdependentonthecross-sectionalareaofthewindingsandtheareaoftheslidingcontact.Theoutputvoltageisthusaserialsofstepsasthecontac