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名词1doc
名词(nouns)
概念:
名词是表示事物的名称。
名词可分为表地点、人名、国家、机构、节日等专有名词和表事物名称的普通名词两大类。
而普通名词可分为可数的个体名词(某类人或事物中的个体)、集体名词(一群人或一些事物的总称)和不可数的物质名词(构成各种食物的物质或材料)、抽象名词(状态、动作、感情、品质等抽象概念)。
【要点提示】
对名词的考查主要集中在可数名词复数形式的变化、不可数名词的用法、名词作定语以及名词所有格等方面。
近几年,词义辨析题经常出现。
一、复数形式的变化规则
1.规则变化:
(1)一般加-s,以s\x\sh\ch结尾加es,以辅音字母加y结尾变y为i加es。
如:
map—mapsbox—boxesstory—stories
(2)以o结尾的词多数加-es。
如potato—potatoes,但某些外来词和缩写词如piano,photo等,以及以“oo”或“元音字母+o”结尾的词只加-s。
如:
zoo—zoosradio—radioskangaroo—kangaroos
(3)以-f或-fe结尾的词,通常变f为v,再加-(e)s。
如:
knife—kniveswife—wives
(4)复合名词的变化规则,一般将主体名词变成复数:
brother-in-law—brothers-in-law,tooth-brush—teeth-brushes,astory-teller—story-tellers;但无主题名词时在词尾加s:
grown-up—grown-ups,look-out—look-outs;但当man,woman作定语时,定语和主体词都要变:
awomandoctor—womendoctors(女医生)
2.不规则变化有变内部元音字母:
foot-feet,goose-geese,man-men,tooth-teeth的;有词尾加(r)en的:
child-children,ox-oxen;也有单复数同形的:
deer,fish,sheep.还有“某国人”的复数变化特殊形式:
Chinese-Chinese,Japanese-Japanese;Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen;German-Germans,Roman-Romans,Australian-Australians,Indian-Indians
3.特别提示:
(1)部分集合名词既可用作单数(作为整体),也可用作复数(作为成员)。
如:
class,family,team,group等。
(2)有些名词表示成双成对的东西,通常只用其复数形式。
如:
glasses(眼镜)pants(裤子)headphones,shoes,trousers,scissors,compasses等;noodles,vegetables。
(3)一些固定词组中的名词只有复数形式:
expressone’sthankstosb,aletterofthanks,inhigh/lowspirits等。
(4)部分学科名词虽以-s结尾,但用作单数。
如:
mathematics(数学)physics(物理学)
二、不可数名词
1.不可数名词无复数形式,所以不能直接与a/an连用,其量的概念经常借助于单位词来表达。
如:
apieceoffurniture(一件家具)abagofsand(一包沙),不可数名词课由some,any,all,little,alittle,much,alotof,lotsof,plentyof等词和短语连用。
2.某些名词可以兼作可数名词(表示个体名词)和不可数名词(表示物质名词或抽象名词)。
如:
aglass(一个玻璃杯)—glass(玻璃)
aroom(一个房间)—room(空间)
achicken(一只鸡)—chicken(鸡肉)
三、名词所有格的用法
1.当名词是人名或表示有生命以及被视为有生命的
东西时,可以用名词的所有格形式:
在名词末尾加’s构成(有-s或-es的复数形式名词末尾只加’)。
如:
John’sbooks,theworkers’library,theChildren’sPalace,theirboss’car
2.如果某物为两人所共有,则只需在后一个名词后加‘s;如果两人各自拥有,需要在这两个名词后分别加上‘s。
如:
MayandJane’scar(她俩共有的车)
May’sandJane’scars(她俩各自的车)
3.表示国家、城市等的地点名词和表示时间、距离、度量及金钱的名词,虽是无生命的,但是也可用’s。
如:
atwoweeks’holiday
4.双重所有格“of+名词所有格”或“of+名词性物主代词”结构常用于表示部分概念或带有一定的感情色彩。
如:
afriendofmyfather’s,abookofmine
5.‘s后的名词如指商店、家宅等地点时,该名词常省略。
如:
atthedoctor’s(在诊所)
【链接】
“of+名词”结构常用于表示无生命事物的所有关系,也可表示有生命事物的所有关系。
如:
thelegsofthetable,theclassroomofthefirst-yearstudents
4、名词词义辨析:
1、family,home,house.
Family强调家庭中全体成员,home指人们居住的地方,house强调房屋和居住点。
2、job与work。
job指一项具体的工作或职业,是可数名词;work指工作,劳动,是不可数名词。
3、voice,noise,sound
4、message(口信),leave/takeamessage;news和information都是不可数名词,前者指新闻,后者指信息资料。
5、clothes统指各种衣服,作主语时谓语动词用复数形式;cloth,编织物为不可数名词,布匹为可数名词。
clothing服装总称,总是用单数形式。
【名词专练】
Ⅰ.请根据句意及汉语提示写出所缺单词。
1.Ifourschoolteamwinsthelasttwo__________(比赛),wewillbethetop.
2.Thereissomethingexcitingin____________(今天)newspaper.
3.Allthe_____________(英雄)aregreatpeople.Weshouldrememberthemforever.
4.Ihearwewillhavea_________________(三天)holiday.
5.Theyareinterestedinscience,andtheywanttobe___________(科学家)whentheygrowup.
6.Therearesome____________(狐狸)inthezoo.
7.Whichdoyoulikebetter,_____________(土豆)or_____________(西红柿)?
8.Wewillgotomy_____________(叔叔家)fordinnerthisSaturday.
9.These______________(手表)aremadeinChina.
10.________________(毛衣)areusedforkeepingwarm.
11.Wecangetlotsof_______________(信息)fromtheInternet.
12.Iamhungry.Pleasegiveme______________(两片面包).
13.Therearetwo__________________(架子)intheroom.
14.TheearthquakeinWenchuanmadelotsofpeoplelosetheir____________(生命).
15.Iwouldgiveittomedical____________(研究)ifIhadamilliondollars.
16.Therearetwo___________(男老师)andthree___________(男学生)intheroom.
17.Thegroundiscoveredwith____________(树叶).
18.________________(八月)istheeighthmonthoftheyear.
19.Myfatherjustgothisdriving____________(执照).
20.Mike’suncleisafilm____________(导演)ofourcity.
21.Weusuallyhave______________(面包)forbreakfast.
22.Imadealotof__________(错误)inthisexam.
23.Theyhavemadea__________(决定)tobuildabigfactoryhere.
24.Thebesttimetobrushyour__________(牙齿)is3minutesaftermeals.
25.Whydon’tyoulearntoEnglish______ (歌曲)?
Ⅱ.请从各题后所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳答案。
()1.Ifthesetrousersaretoobig,buyasmaller____________.
A.setB.oneC.pieceD.pair
()2.—Oh!
Thereisn’tenough____________forusinthebus.
—Nohurry.Let’swaitforthenext.
A.placeB.landC.roomD.floor
()3.—Isthata______________?
—Yes,therearemanykindsofbeautifulshoesinit.Let’sgoandhavealook.
A.fruitshopB.toystoreC.shoestoreD.bookshop
()4.Iwantedtotellhimthetruth,butIdidn’thavea(an)_________.
A.excuseB.chanceC.testD.choice
()5.ShehasbeeninChongqingforeightyears.
Chongqinghasbecomehersecond___________.
A.stationB.houseC.homeD.family
()6.—Pleasegivemea____________whenyouarrive.
—OK.I’lltellyoueverythingassoonasIgetthere.
A.ringB.presentC.handD.ride
()7.—WhatcanIdoforyou?
—I’dlikeseveral___________andsomepeas.
A.potatoB.fishC.meatD.banana
()8.—Whatcanyouseeatthefootofthehill?
—Agroupof____________areeating___________and__________.
A.deer,grass,leavesB.cow,grass,leaf
C.deer,grass,leafD.cow,grass,leaves
()9.—Excuseme,waiter.We’releaving.Canyoubringmethe___________,please?
—OK.Hereyouare.
A.moneyB.billC.watchD.list
()10.—Whereareyougoing,XiangHua?
—I’mgoingtothe_____________toseeamovie.
A.bookstoreB.supermarketC.mountainD.cinema
()11.Ithinkweshouldhave____________inourselvesandwewillmakeitifwehaveatry.
A.successB.confidenceC.progressD.knowledge
()12.—Wouldyoulikesome__________todrink,MrGreen?
—No,thanks.
A.milkB.fruitC.meatD.bread
()13.______________roomisbigandbright.Theylikeitverymuch.
A.JimandTonyB.Jim’sandTony
C.JimandTony’sD.Jim’sandTony’s
()14.Twobikesareinfrontofthehouse.They’re___________.
A.thetwins’B.twin’sC.twinsD.thetwin’s
()15.—Excuseme,isthefactoryfarfromhere?
—No,it’sabout5______________-walk.
A.minutesB.minuteC.minutes’D.minute’s
()16.-let’smakeabananamilkshake.Whatdoweneed?
-Weneedsome______andtwo______.
A.bananas;cupofmilkB.Bananas;cupsofmilkC.Bananas;milks
17.-AfterP.E,Ioftenfeelverythirsty.
-Whynotbuysome______todrink?
A.breadB.noodlesC.ApplejuiceD.Teas
18.Youcanfindmany______aboutthefamousfilmstarontheInternet.
A.newsB.picturesC.ticketsD.Formation
19.-Excuseme,couldyoupleasetellmethewaytothe______?
Ihavehadtoomuchwater.
-Goalongthestreetandyouwillfindone.
A.bedroomB.livingroomC.classroomD.Restroom
()20.-Hello,Frank.Youlookunhappy.Whathappened?
-Therearetoomany______inoursupermarket,andI’mtheonlyman.SoIhavetodoalltheheavywork.It’stootiring.
A.womanworkerB.womanworkersC.womenworkerD.womenworkers
()21.-Thereis______saltinthekitchen.Wouldyouliketogoandgetsome______,Tom?
-OK.
A.little;someB.few;someC.alittle;someD.afew;any
()22.Thereisnoenough______onthecornertoputanyshelf.
A.placeB.roomC.floorD.ground
()23.Wemustfindsome______aboutthepeopleontheplaneMH370asquicklyaspossible.
A.informationB.newsC.messageD.advice
()24.Dad,Ihave______money.Ican’tevenbuyapencil.Couldyougivemesome?
A.alittleB.afewC.little
()25.-Oh!
Thereisnoenough______forusonthebus.
-Nohurry.Let’swaitforthenext.
A.placeB.landC.roomD.floor
()26.We’vemissedthelastbus.I’mafraidwehaveno______buttotakeataxi.
A.wayB.possibilityC.meansD.choice
()27.Thelittlebabyhas______eatingnutsbecausehehasnoteeth.Soyou’dbetterstopfeedinghim.
A.questionB.problemC.difficultyD.trouble
()28.-Where’sTom?
-He’slefta______sayingthathehassomethingtodo.
A.excuseB.sentenceC.messageD.news
、完型填空
There’saverygoodsolutiontoyourproblems.Forthisyousimply1todoafewthingsthatyouhavealreadyknown.
Takeadeepbreath.Atfirst,takeadeepbreathandcalmdown,butadeepbreathdoesn’t2justonetime.Sitdownandbreatheinandoutslowly.Dothisafew3andyou’llfeelmuchlighter.
Makealist.Onceyoufeelalittle4,takeapenandapieceofpaperandstartwritingdownallthe5thataretroublingyou.Carefullylistingallyourproblemswillmakesurethatyoudon’t6anythingforthelastminute.
Categorize(对......进行分类)yourproblems.Aftermakingalist,youshouldpickoutwhatcanbe7nowandwhatwillbeleftforlater.
Taketherightaction.Onceyouknowyour8,solvethemassoonasyoucan.Forexample,ifyourhomeworkneedstobedone,trytogetitdonetoday.Andyoucan9removeitfromyourlist.
Whenyouareableto10thesmallerproblems,yourlifewillbemoreexcitingbecauseyouwon’tbetroubledallthetime.
()1.A.needB.askC.wantD.Help
()2.A.tellB.meanC.knowD.like
()3A.monthsB.yearsC.timesD.days
()4.A.betterB.worseC.angrierD.heavier
()5.A.answersB.ideasC.mattersD.ways
()6.A.rememberB.thinkC.understandD.forget
()7.A.pickedB.solvedC.leftD.missed
()8.A.problemsB.questionsC.changesD.jobs
()9.A.slowlyB.sadlyC.hardlyD.happily
()10.A.LearnaboutB.KnowaboutC.DealwithD.Talkwith
阅读理解A篇
Mckenzie’sisa12-year-oldgirlandshelovesdancing.ThoughMackenziehasagenetic(基因的)diseasethatkeepsherinawheelchair,shehasaloyalpartner,herfather.Hetookhertodanc