毕业翻译.docx

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毕业翻译

本科毕业论文

外文文献及译文

文献、资料题目：

TheFireSafetyDesignOfApartmentBuilding

文献、资料来源：

JournalofAsianArchitecteandAuildingEngineering

文献、资料发表（出版）日期：

2006.08

院（部）：

市政与环境工程学院

专业：

给水排水工程

班级：

姓名：

学号：

指导教师：

翻译日期：

2008、06

外文文献：

THEFIRESAFETYDESIGNOFAPARTMENTBUILDINGS

Inmostfireengineeredbuildings,interventionofthefirebrigadeisnotusually

considered.Thefirebrigadeprovidesthelastlineofattackonafire,andusuallythelastopportunitytofindandrescueoccupants.Theinterventionofthefirebrigadeishighlydependentonthemreceivinganalarmornotificationofafire.

Theroleofthefirebrigadeisimportantinanapartmentfireastheycan:

•Fight,suppressandextinguishthefire

•Performsearchandrescueoperations

•Externallyrescueoccupants

•ControlevacuationviatheEWISsystemorlifts

•Performfirstaid

•Reassureoccupants

Forthefirebrigadetoperformtheirjobsproperlytheyrequire:

•Adequatesiteaccess

•Adequatewatersupplies

•Suitablylocatedfiresystemcontrolcentresandindicatorpanels

•Controlsforlifts

•Protectionfromstructuralfailureforanappropriatelengthoftime

TheAustralianandNewZealandbuildingcodesandstandardsprovidedesigncriteriafortheaboverequirements.Successfulfirebrigadeinterventioncanbeachievedwithpre-planning,earlyalarm,rapidresponseandtheprovisionofsufficientlabourandequipmenttodealwiththehazard（Becketal,1992）.

Thetimeforthefirebrigadetoarriveandextinguishthefireisinfluencedbythefollowingcomponents:

•Timetodetectionoffire.Eitherbyautomaticsystemsorpeople（Buchanan,

1996）.

•Timetonotificationoffirebrigade（Buchanan,1996）.

•Firebrigadetraveltime（Buchanan,1996）.

•Accessandsearchtimeforallfloors（Buchanan,1996）.

•Firebrigadesetuptime

•Fireattacktime（Buchanan,1996）.

TheFireEngineeringGuidelines（FCRC,1996）containsa“FireBrigadeCommunicationandResponse”modelwhichprovidesguidanceonassessingtheresponseofthefirebrigade.Thefollowingfirebrigadetimesare95thpercentiletimestakenfromtheFEG（FCRC,1996）.

Time（minutes）

Environment

Arrival

Setup

City

10

20

Country

20

15

Inanon-evacuationstrategy,thefirebrigademaybereliedupontosuppressandextinguishthefire.Thereforenotificationandarrivaltimesarecrucial.

Thearrivalofthefirebrigademayalsobecrucialinanemergencystrategywheretheyarerequiredtocommunicatewiththeoccupantsorassisttheevacuation.Ifcommunicationwithoccupantsisvitaltotheemergencystrategy,appropriatelytrainedwardensshouldtakechargepriortothearrivalofthefirebrigade.

TheinterventionofthefirebrigadeneedstobenegotiatedwiththeapprovalauthorityorAuthorityHavingJurisdiction（AHJ）andfirebrigade.Thetimesforinterventionneedtobeagreeduponbyallrelevantstakeholders.

Theactivitiesofthefirebrigadecanbeaidedthroughsensibledesignsandarchitecture.Forexample,locationofhydrants,hosereelsandfireindicatorpanelsshouldbedesignedsuchthattheyassisttheoperationsofthefirebrigade.

Someoftheproblemsfacedbythefirebrigadeduringafireare:

fightingthefirewhilstassistingtheevacuation,accesstothefirefloorbeingrestrictedwithevacuatingoccupantsandreducedeffectivenessduetofatigueafterclimbingstairs.

8BUILDINGANDEGRESSCHARACTERISTICS

Thebuildingandegresscharacteristicsaretwoofthemostinfluentialvariablesonthe

evacuationstrategyandfiresafetymeasuresprovidedinabuilding.Theprimarybuildingandegresscharacteristicsthatinfluencethefiresafetydesignare:

•Buildingheight

•Numberofexits

•Exitwidths

•Egressdistance

•Buildingconstructionandpassiveprotection

•Refugefloorsand/orrefugeareas

•Lifts

8.1BuildingHeight

InAustraliaandNewZealandthebuildingheightismajordeterminantofthefiresafetysystems.Whenbuildingsaregreaterthan25mineffectiveheight,thereisasignificantincreaseintheprescriptiverequirementsspecifiedbytheBuildingCodeofAustralia.

The25mbuildingheightlimitispartlybasedonthelimitsofladderaccess,andtheabilityofthefirebrigadetorescueoccupantsandfightthefireexternally.InAustralianbuildingsgreaterthan25m,theprescriptiverequirementsrequirethebuildingstobesprinklerprotectedandtohavepressurisedescapepaths.

Thefiresafetymatrixpresentedinthisreportconsidersthreebuildingheights,withtheheightlimitsbeingbasedontheBCAandtheAcceptableSolutionstotheNZBC.Itshouldbenotedthattheguidelinespresentedinthematrixdonotstrictlyapplytotheselimits,anditistheresponsibilityofthefireengineerandapprovalauthoritytodetermineifanadequatelevelofsafetyhasbeenachieved.

Thebuildingheightlimitsthathavebeenconsideredare:

•Buildingslessthan3storeys.Thesebuildingsarecharacterisedbyunprotected

escapepathsandtraveldistancesgenerallymeetingcoderequirements.The

buildingshaveshorttraveldistancesandexternalrescueisgenerallypossible.

•Buildingsgreaterthan3storeys,lessthan25mhigh.Thesebuildingsare

characterisedbyhavingprotectedstairs,liftsandexternalrescuebeingpossible

•Buildingsgreaterthan25mhigh.Thesebuildingsarecharacterisedbyhaving

protectedstairs,lifts,relativelylongtraveldistancesandlimitedexternalrescue

options.

8.2NumberofExits,ExitWidthandEgressDistance

TheBuildingCodeofAustraliaandtheAcceptableSolutionstotheNZBCcomprehensivelycoverthenumberofexits,minimumexitwidthsandmaximumegressdistancesforapartmentbuildings.Iftheegresscharacteristicsofabuildingarenotfireengineeredfromfirstprinciples,thenitisrecommendedthatthecoderequirementsbeusedasdefaultvalues.

ThefollowingisasummaryoftheBuildingCodeofAustralia（ABCB,1996）andthe

AcceptableSolutionstotheNZBC（BIA,1991）requirements.ThesummaryappliestoClass2buildings（BCA）andSRPurposeGroupbuildings（AcceptableSolutionstoNZBC）.

8.2.1AcceptableSolutionstoNZBC

PrescriptiveegressrequirementsforSRpurposegroups.

Minimumnumberofescaperoutes

Upto100beds

2

Over100beds

2plus1forevery100beds,orpart

thereofover100.

Minimumwidth

Horizontaltravel

Verticaltravel

Basedonactivity

850mm

1000mm

Basedonoccupantload

7mm/person

9mm/person

Deadendopenpath

Totalopenpath

Protectedpath

24m

60m

60m

TheAcceptableSolutionstotheNZBCmaximumegressdistancesareforSRpurpose

groups.Theopenpathdistanceiscalculatedfromthefurthermostpointinsidetheapartment.Openpathlengthsandhorizontalsafepathlengthscanbeincreasedby:

•15%whereheatdetectorsareinstalled

•50%wheresprinklersareinstalled

•100%wheresmokedetectorsareinstalled

•100%wheretheoccupantdensitydoesnotexceed0.05people/m2

8.2.2BuildingCodeofAustralia

Theclausesforthenumberofexits,exit-traveldistancesandthedimensionsofexitpaths,extractedfromtheBCA,arelocatedinAppendixB.

Insummary:

•Allbuildingsrequireatleastoneexit.Buildingsover25mhighrequiretwoexits.

Themaximumallowableexittraveldistancemaygovernthenumberofexits.

•Themaximumtraveldistancefromasole-occupancyunitis6m,toapointwhere

travelindifferentdirectionstotwoexitsisavailable.Themaximumdistance

betweenalternativeexitsis45m.

•Theminimumwidthofanexitis1.0mor1.8minapassageway.Theminimum

widthoftheexitincreaseswhenoccupantnumbersareinexcessof100ona

storey.

8.3BuildingConstructionandPassiveProtection

Allapartmentbuildingswillhaveafireresistanceratingforbuildingstructureandfirebarriers.ThisfireresistancecaneitherbedeterminedfromtherelevantBuildingCodeorthroughafireengineeringanalysis.

Passiveprotectionisoneofthemostimportantelementsinthepreventionoffirespreadandlimitingfiresize.Bybreakingupthebuildingintoverticalandhorizontalcompartments,thefuelisbrokendownintosmallerunitsthatwillreducethepotentialfiresize.Passiveprotectionisalsoessentialinpreventingandlimitingsmokespreadthroughthebuilding.

Inthecontextofthisreport,themainobjectiveforpassiveprotectionistolimitthefireandsmoketotheapartmentoffireoriginoratleasttheflooroffireorigin.Thiswillreducethethreattootheroccupantsinthebuilding,andprovideenoughtimeforthemescape,orforthefirebrigadetosuppressthefire.

Thecompartmentandstructuralfireresistanceratingofanapartmentcanbedeterminedfromthetimeequivalenceformula.Byusingthismethod,anapartmentshouldbedesignedtocontainafireuntilcompleteburnout.Thisshouldthereforeensurethefiredoesnotspreadbeyondtheapartmentoforigin.

Fireseparationandcompartmentationreliesondoors,walls,floors,ceilings,glazing,smokedampersandconstructionunits（Bukowskietal,1999）.Foreffectivepassiveprotectionthesefactorsneedtobeinspected,testedandmaintainedregularly.Itisrecommendedthatselfclosersbeusedondoorsthatopenintocommonareas,topreventfireandsmokespreadfromapartmentstocommonareasorescapepaths.

Thereisverylittleliteratureonthereliabilityofpassiveprotection（Bukowskietal,1999）.Asurveyofexpertshasestimatedthereliabilityofpassiveprotectiontobe95%forconstructionwithnoopenings,and90%forconstructionwithopeningsandwithself-closers（FCRC,1996）.Similarly,aDelphigroupstudyintheUKestimatedthereliabilityofmasonryandgypsumconstructiontohaveareliabilityof81%and69%respectively（Bukow