电子与信息工程外文翻译.docx

电子与信息工程外文翻译.docx

《电子与信息工程外文翻译.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《电子与信息工程外文翻译.docx（9页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

电子与信息工程外文翻译

西安邮电学院

毕业设计（论文）

外文文献翻译

系别：

电子与信息工程

专业：

电子信息工程

班级：

电子1002班

学生姓名：

桑永茂

导师姓名：

张新职称：

教授

起止时间：

2014年3月10日至2014年6月15日

英文原文

Theartofsoftwaretesting

GlenfordJ.Myers

Whenyoufinishmodule-testingaprogram,youhavereallyonlyjustbegunthetestingprocess.Thisisespeciallytrueoflargeorcomplexprograms.Considerthisimportantconcept:

Asoftwareerroroccurswhentheprogramdoesnotdo

whatitsenduserreasonablyexpectsittodo.

Applyingthisdefinition,evenifyoucouldperformanabsolutelyperfectmoduletest,youstillcouldn’tguaranteethatyouhavefoundallsoftwareerrors.

Tocompletetesting,then,someformoffurthertestingisnecessary.Wecallthisnewformhigher-ordertesting.Softwaredevelopmentislargelyaprocessofcommunicatinginformationabouttheeventualprogramandtranslatingthisinformationfromoneformtoanother.Forthatreason,thevastmajorityofsoftwareerrorscanbeattributedtobreakdowns,mistakes,andnoiseduringthecommunicationandtranslationofinformation.ThisviewofsoftwaredevelopmentisillustratedinFigure6.1,amodelofthedevelopmentcycleforasoftwareproduct.Theflowoftheprocesscanbesummarizedinsevensteps:

1.Theprogramuser’sneedsaretranslatedintoasetofwrittenrequirements.Thesearethegoalsfortheproduct.

2.Therequirementsaretranslatedintospecificobjectivesbyassessingfeasibilityandcost,resolvingconflictingrequirements,andestablishingprioritiesandtrade-offs.

3.Theobjectivesaretranslatedintoapreciseproductspecification,viewingtheproductasablackboxandconsideringonlyitsinterfacesandinteractionswiththeenduser.Thisdescriptioniscalledtheexternalspecification.

4.Iftheproductisasystemsuchasanoperatingsystem,

flight-controlsystem,databasemanagementsystem,oremployeepersonnelsystem,ratherthanaprogram（compiler,payrollprogram,wordprocessor）,thenextprocessissystemdesign.Thissteppartitionsthesystemintoindividualprograms,components,orsubsystems,anddefinestheirinterfaces.

5.Thestructureoftheprogramorprogramsisdesignedbyspecifyingthefunctionofeachmodule,thehierarchicalstructureofthemodules,andtheinterfacesbetweenmodules.

6.Aprecisespecificationisdevelopedthatdefinestheinterfaceto,andfunctionof,eachmodule.

7.Throughoneormoresubsteps,themoduleinterfacespecificationistranslatedintothesource-codealgorithmofeachmodule.

Here’sanotherwayoflookingattheseformsofdocumentation:

•Requirementsspecifywhytheprogramisneeded.

•Objectivesspecifywhattheprogramshoulddoandhowwelltheprogramshoulddoit.

•Externalspecificationsdefinetheexactrepresentationoftheprogramtousers.

•Documentationassociatedwiththesubsequentprocessesspecifies,inincreasinglevelsofdetail,howtheprogramisconstructed.

Giventhepremisethatthesevenstepsofthedevelopmentcycleinvolvecommunication,comprehension,andtranslationofinformation,andthepremisethatmostsoftwareerrorsstemfrombreakdownsininformationhandling,therearethreecomplementaryapproachestopreventand/ordetecttheseerrors.First,wecanintroducemoreprecisionintothedevelopmentprocesstopreventmanyoftheerrors.Second,wecanintroduce,attheendofeachprocess,aseparateverificationsteptolocateasmanyerrorsaspossiblebeforeproceedingtothenextprocess.ThisapproachisillustratedinFigureittotheoutputofthepriorstage（thestatementofobjectives）andfeedingbackanydiscoveredmistakestotheexternal-specificationprocess.UsethecodeinspectionandwalkthroughmethodsdiscussedinChapter3intheverificationstepattheendoftheseventhprocess.

Thethirdapproachistoorientdistincttestingprocessestowarddistinctdevelopmentprocesses.Thatis,focuseachtestingprocessonaparticulartranslationstep,thusfocusingitonaparticularclassoferrors.ThisapproachisillustratedinFigure6.3.Thetestingcyclehasbeenstructuredtomodelthedevelopmentcycle.Inotherwords,youshouldbeabletoestablishaone-to-onecorrespondencebetweendevelopmentandtestingprocesses.Forinstance:

•Thepurposeofamoduletestistofinddiscrepanciesbetween

theprogram’smodulesandtheirinterfacespecifications.

•Thepurposeofafunctiontestistoshowthataprogramdoesnotmatchitsexternalspecifications.

•Thepurposeofasystemtestistoshowthattheproductisinconsistentwithitsoriginalobjectives.

Theadvantagesofthisstructurearethatitavoidsunproductiveredundanttestingandpreventsyoufromoverlookinglargeclassesoferrors.Forinstance,ratherthansimplylabelingsystemtestingas“thetestingofthewholesystem”andpossiblyrepeatingearliertests,systemtestingisorientedtowardadistinctc