文档阅读.docx

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BaekelandandHartmannreportthatthe“shortsleepers”hadbeenmoreorlessaverageintheirsleepneedsuntilthemenwereintheirteens.Butataboutage15orso,themenvoluntarilybegancuttingdowntheirnightlysleeptimebecauseofpressuresfromschool,work,andotheractivities.Thesementendedtoviewtheirnightlyperiodsofunconsciousnessasbothersomeinterruptionsintheirdailyroutines.

  Ingeneral,these“shortsleeps”appearedambitious,active,energetic,cheerful,conformist(不动摇)intheiropinions,andverysureabouttheircareerchoices.Theyoftenheldseveraljobsatonce,orworkersfull-orpart-timewhilegoingtoschool.Andmanyofthemhadastrongurgetoappear“normal”or“acceptable”totheirfriendsandassociates.www.Examda.CoM考试就到考试大

  Whenaskedtorecalltheirdreams,the“shortsleepers”didpoorly.Morethanthis,theyseemedtoprefernotremembering.Insimilarfashion,theirusualwayofdealingwithpsychologicalproblemswastodenythattheproblemexisted,andthentokeepbusyinthehopethatthetroublewouldgoaway.

  Thesleeppatternsofthe“shortsleepers”weresimilarto,butlessextremethan,sleeppatternsshownbymanymentalpatientscategorizedasmanic(疯人).

  The“longsleepers”werequitedifferentindeed.BaekelandandHartmannreportthattheseyoungmenhadbeenlengthysleepssincechildhood.Theyseemedtoenjoytheirsleep,protectedit,andwerequiteconcernedwhentheywereoccasionallydeprivedoftheirdesired9hoursofnightlybedrest.Theytendedtorecalltheirdreamsmuchbetterthandidthe“shortsleepers.”

  Manyofthe“longsleepers”wereshy,anxious,introverted(内向),inhibited(压抑),passive,mildlydepressed,andunsureofthemselves(particularlyinsocialsituations).Severalopenlystatesthatsleepwasanescapefromtheirdailyproblems.

  1.Accordingtothereport,______.

  A)manyshortsleepersneedlesssleepbynature

  B)manyshortsleepersareobligedtoreducetheirnightlysleeptimebecausetheyarebusywiththeirwork

  C)longsleeperssleepalongerperiodoftimeduringtheday

  D)manylongsleeperspreservetheirsleepinghabitformedduringtheirchildhood

  2.Many“shortsleepers”arelikelytoholdtheviewthat_____.

  A)sleepisawithdrawalfromthereality

  B)sleepinterfereswiththeirsoundjudgement

  C)sleepistheleastexpensiveitemontheirroutineprogram

  D)sleepisthebestwaytodealwithpsychologicaltroubles

  3.Itisstatedinthethirdparagraphthatshortsleepers_____.

  A)areideallyvigorousevenunderthepressuresoflife

  B)oftenneglecttheconsequencesofinadequatesleep

  C)donotknowhowtorelaxproperly

  D)aremoreunlikelytorunintomentalproblems

  4.Whensometimestheycannotenjoyadequatesleep,thelongsleepersmight____.

  A)appeardisturbed

  B)becomeenergetic

  C)feeldissatisfied

  D)beextremelydepressed

  5.WhichofthefollowingisNotincludedinthepassage?

  A)Ifonesleepsinadequately,hisperformancesuffersandhismemoryisweakened

  B)Thesleeppatternsofshortsleepersareexactlythesaneasthoseshownbymanymentalpatients

  C)Longandshortsleepersdifferintheirattitudestowardssleep

  D)Shortsleeperswouldbebetteroffwithmorerest

  

 

Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicaltests,whicharewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,assigningorpromotingstudents,employeesandmilitarypersonnel,havebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andeveninCongress.Thetargetiswrong,for,inattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.

  Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.来源:

考试大

  Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext:

theyprovideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindofinformationaboutwhatapersonhaslearned,theskillshehasdeveloped,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheempiricalevidenceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.

  Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthetraitsorqualitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefined(forexample,abilitytodowellinaparticularcourseoftrainingprogram)andleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined,forexample,personalityorcreativity.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized.

  1.Inthispassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith_________.

  A.thenecessityofstandardizedtests

  B.thevalidityofstandardizedtests

  C.themethodusedininterpretingtheresultsofstandardizedtests.

  D.thetheoreticalgroundsofstandardizedtests.

  2.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_______.

  A.standardizedtestsshouldnolongerbeused.

  B.resultsofstandardizedtestsaccuratelyreflecttheabilitiesofthetestees

  C.thevalueofstandardizedtestsliesintheirproperinterpretation

  D.specialmethodsmustbeappliedtotheresultofstandardizedtests.

  3.Theword“empirical”(Line6,Para.3)mostprobablymeans“___________”

  A.theoretical

  B.critical本文来源:

考试大网

  C.indisputable

  D.experiential

  4.Accordingtothepassage,standardizedtestsworkworkmosteffectivelywhen____________.

  A.theuserknowshowtointerprettheresultsinadvance.

  B.theobjectivesaremostclearlydefined.

  C.thepersonswhotakethetestareintelligentorskillful.

  D.theymeasurethetraitsorqualitiesofthetests

  5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstandardizedtestscouldbedescribedas_______.

  A.positive

  B.critical

  C.prejudiced

  D.indifferent.

 

Consumersarebeingconfusedandmisledbythehodge-podge(大杂烩)ofenvironmentalclaimsmadebyhouseholdproducts,accordingtoa“greenlabeling”studypublishedbyConsumersInternationalFriday.考试大论坛

  Amongthereport’smoreoutrageous(令人无法容忍的)findings,aGermanfertilizerdescribeditselfas“earthwormfriendly”,abrandoffloursaiditwas“non-polluting”andaBritishtoiletpaperclaimedtobe“environmentallyfriendlier”

  ThestudywaswrittenandresearchedbyBritain’sNationalConsumerCouncil(NCC)forlobbygroupConsumerInternational.ItwasfundedbytheGermanandDutchgovernmentsandtheEuropeanCommission.

  “Whilemanygoodandusefulclaimsarebeingmade,itisclearthereisalongwaytogoinensuringshoppersareadequatelyinformedabouttheenvironmentalimpactofproductstheybuy,”saidConsumersInternationaldirectorAnnaFielder.

  The10-countrystudysurveyedproductpackaginginBritain.WesternEurope,ScandinaviaandtheUnitedStates.ItfoundthatproductssoldinGermanyandtheUnitedKingdommadethemostenvironmentalclaimsonaverage.

  Thereportfocusedonclaimsmadebyspecificproducts,suchasdetergent(洗涤剂)insectspraysandbysomegardenproducts.Itdidnottesttheclaims,butcomparedthemtolabelingguidelinessetbytheInternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO)inSeptember,1999.

  Researchersdocumentedclaimsofenvironmentalfriendlinessmadebyabout2,000productsandfoundmanytoovagueortoomisleadingtomeetISOstandards.

  “Manyproductshadspecially-designedlabelstomakethemseemenvironmentallyfriendly,butinfactmanyofthesesymbolsmeannothing,”saidreportresearcherPhilipPage.

  “Laundrydetergentsmadethemostnumberofclaimswith158.Householdcleanersweresecondwith145separateclaims,whilepaintswerethirdonourlistwith73.Thehighnumbersshowhowveryconfusingitmustbeforconsumerstosortthetruefromthemisleading.”hesaid.

  TheISOlabelingstandardsbanvagueormisleadingclaimsonproductpackaging,becausetermssuchas“environmentallyfriendly”and“non-polluting”cannotbeverified.“WhatwearenowpushingforistohavemultinationalcorporationsmeetthestandardssetbytheISO.”saidPage.

  1.Accordingtothepassage,theNCCfounditoutrageousthat______

  A)alltheproductssurveyedclaimtomeetISOstandards

  B)theclaimsmadebyproductsareoftenunclearordeceiving

  C)consumerswouldbelievemanyofthemanufactures’claim

  D)fewproductsactuallyprovetobeenvironmentfriendly采集者退散

  2.Asindicatedinthispassage,withsomanygoodclaims,theconsumers___

  A)arebecomingmorecautiousabouttheproductstheyaregoingtobuy

  B)arestillnotwillingtopaymoreforproductswithgreenlabeling

  C)arebecomingmoreawareoftheeffectsdifferentproductshaveontheenvironment

  D)stilldonotknowtheexactimpactofdifferentproductsontheenvironment

  3.AstudywascarriedoutbyBritain’sNCCto_______

  A)findouthowmanyclaimsmadebyproductsfailtomeetenvironmentalstandards

  B)informtheconsumersoftheenvironmentalimpactoftheproductstheybuy

  C)examineclaimsmadebyproducts

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