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1、文档阅读Baekeland and Hartmann report that the “short sleepers” had been more or less average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens. But at about age 15 or so, the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school, work, and other activities. T

2、hese men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines.In general, these “short sleeps” appeared ambitious, active, energetic, cheerful, conformist(不动摇) in their opinions, and very sure about their career choices. They often held several

3、jobs at once, or workers full-or part-time while going to school. And many of them had a strong urge to appear “normal” or “acceptable” to their friends and associates.www.xamda.CoM考试就到考试大When asked to recall their dreams, the “short sleepers” did poorly. More than this, they seemed to prefer not re

4、membering. In similar fashion, their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed, and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away.The sleep patterns of the “short sleepers” were similar to, but less extreme than, sleep patterns shown by many

5、 mental patients categorized as manic(疯人).The “long sleepers” were quite different indeed. Baekeland and Hartmann report that these young men had been lengthy sleeps since childhood. They seemed to enjoy their sleep, protected it, and were quite concerned when they were occasionally deprived of thei

6、r desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest. They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the “short sleepers.”Many of the “long sleepers” were shy, anxious, introverted (内向), inhibited (压抑), passive, mildly depressed, and unsure of themselves (particularly in social situations). Several openly

7、 states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems.1. According to the report,_.A) many short sleepers need less sleep by natureB) many short sleepers are obliged to reduce their nightly sleep time because they are busy with their workC) long sleepers sleep a longer period of time during the

8、 dayD) many long sleepers preserve their sleeping habit formed during their childhood2. Many “short sleepers” are likely to hold the view that _.A) sleep is a withdrawal from the realityB) sleep interferes with their sound judgementC) sleep is the least expensive item on their routine programD) slee

9、p is the best way to deal with psychological troubles3. It is stated in the third paragraph that short sleepers _.A) are ideally vigorous even under the pressures of lifeB) often neglect the consequences of inadequate sleepC) do not know how to relax properlyD) are more unlikely to run into mental p

10、roblems4. When sometimes they cannot enjoy adequate sleep, the long sleepers might _.A) appear disturbedB) become energeticC) feel dissatisfiedD) be extremely depressed5. Which of the following is Not included in the passage?A) If one sleeps inadequately, his performance suffers and his memory is we

11、akenedB) The sleep patterns of short sleepers are exactly the sane as those shown by many mental patientsC) Long and short sleepers differ in their attitudes towards sleepD) Short sleepers would be better off with more restThe standardized educational or psychological tests, which are widely used to

12、 aid in selecting, assigning or promoting students, employees and military personnel, have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for, in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-inform

13、ed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performanc

14、e. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and t

15、hat the predictions are always subject to error.来源：考试大Standardized tests should be considered in this context: they provide a quick, objective method of getting some kind of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obta

16、ined has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the empirical evidence concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availabil

17、ity.In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined ( for example, ability to do well in a particular course of training program ) and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined, for example,

18、 personality or creativity. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized.1. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with _.A. the necessity of standar

19、dized testsB. the validity of standardized testsC. the method used in interpreting the results of standardized tests.D. the theoretical grounds of standardized tests.2. We can infer from the passage that _.A. standardized tests should no longer be used.B. results of standardized tests accurately ref

20、lect the abilities of the testeesC. the value of standardized tests lies in their proper interpretationD. special methods must be applied to the result of standardized tests.3. The word “empirical” (Line 6, Para.3) most probably means “ _”A. theoreticalB. critical本文来源:考试大网C. indisputableD. experient

21、ial4. According to the passage, standardized tests work work most effectively when _.A. the user knows how to interpret the results in advance.B. the objectives are most clearly defined.C. the persons who take the test are intelligent or skillful.D. they measure the traits or qualities of the tests5

22、. The authors attitude toward standardized tests could be described as _.A. positiveB. criticalC. prejudicedD. indifferent.Consumers are being confused and misled by the hodge-podge (大杂烩) of environmental claims made by household products, according to a “green labeling” study published by Consumers

23、 International Friday .考试大论坛Among the reports more outrageous (令人无法容忍的) findings，a German fertilizer described itself as “ earthworm friendly”， a brand of flour said it was “non-polluting” and a British toilet paper claimed to be “environmentally friendlier”The study was written and researched by Br

24、itains National Consumer Council (NCC) for lobby group Consumer International. It was funded by the German and Dutch governments and the European Commission.“ While many good and useful claims are being made , it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about t

25、he environmental impact of products they buy,” said Consumers International director Anna Fielder .The 10-country study surveyed product packaging in Britain. Western Europe, Scandinavia and the United States. It found that products sold in Germany and the United Kingdom made the most environmental

26、claims on average.The report focused on claims made by specific products , such as detergent (洗涤剂) insect sprays and by some garden products . It did not test the claims, but compared them to labeling guidelines set by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in September, 1999.Researchers doc

27、umented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.“Many products had specially-designed labels to make them seem environmentally friendly, but in fact many of these symbols mean nothing,” said report researcher

28、Philip Page.“Laundry detergents made the most number of claims with 158. Household cleaners were second with 145 separate claims, while paints were third on our list with 73. The high numbers show how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading.” he said.The ISO labe

29、ling standards ban vague or misleading claims on product packaging, because terms such as “environmentally friendly” and “non-polluting” cannot be verified. “What we are now pushing for is to have multinational corporations meet the standards set by the ISO.” said Page.1. According to the passage, t

30、he NCC found it outrageous that _A) all the products surveyed claim to meet ISO standardsB) the claims made by products are often unclear or deceivingC) consumers would believe many of the manufactures claimD) few products actually prove to be environment friendly采集者退散2. As indicated in this passage

31、 , with so many good claims , the consumers _A) are becoming more cautious about the products they are going to buyB) are still not willing to pay more for products with green labelingC) are becoming more aware of the effects different products have on the environmentD) still do not know the exact impact of different products on the environment3. A study was carried out by Britains NCC to _A) find out how many claims made by products fail to meet environmental standardsB) inform the consumers of the environmental impact of the products they buyC) examine claims made by products