材料科学概论复习题答案不完整版.docx

材料科学概论复习题答案不完整版.docx

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材料科学概论复习题答案不完整版

一、名词解释

Reactionbonding反应粘合

Aceramicprocessingtechnique,bywhichashapeismadeusingonematerialthatislaterconvertedintoaceramicmaterialbychemicalreactionandsintering.

Materialsscienceandengineering材料科学与工程

isaninterdisciplinaryfieldconcernedwithinventingnewmaterialsandimprovingpreviouslyknownmaterialsbydevelopingadeeperunderstandingofthemicrostructure-composition-synthesis-processingrelationships.

Structure结构

meansadescriptionofthearrangementsofatomsorionsinamaterial

Composition成分

meansthechemicalmake-upofamaterial.

Trans-granular（晶内的，穿晶的）Fracture穿晶断裂

fractureinwhichcrackswouldgothroughthegrains.

DuctileFracture韧性断裂

Inmetalsthathavegoodductilityandtoughness,ductilefracturenormallyoccursinatrans-granularmethod.Often,aconsiderableamountofdeformation-includingneckingisobservedinthefailedcomponent

GlassIntermediates玻璃中间体

Oxidesthat,whenaddedtoaglass,helptoextendtheglassynetwork;althoughtheoxidesnormallydonotformaglassthemselves.

shotpeening喷丸加工

Aprocessinwhichmetalspheresareshotatacomponent.Thisleadstoaresidualcompressivestressatthesurfaceofacomponentandthisenhancesfatiguelife.

Flexuralmodulus弯曲模量

Themodulusofelasticitycalculatedfromtheresultsofabendtest,givingtheslopeofthestress-deflection（偏转）curve

Tempering回火

Alow–temperatureheattreatmentusedtoreducethehardnessofmartensite（马氏体）bypermittingthemartensitetobegintodecomposetotheequilibriumphase.

Stress压力

Forceorloadperunitareaofcross-section（横界面）overwhichtheforceorloadisacting

Strain张力

Elongation（延长）changeindimensionperunitlength.

Young’smodulus杨氏模量

Theslope（斜率）ofthelinear（线性的）partofthestress-straincurveintheelastic（弹性的）region（区域的）,sameasmodulusofelasticity（弹性系数）.

Synthesis合成

istheprocessbywhichmaterialsaremadefromnaturallyoccurringorotherchemicalreaction

Processing加工

meansdifferentwaysforshapingmaterialsintousefulcomponentsorchangingtheirproperties.

Aspectratio长宽比

Thelengthofafiberdividedbyitsdiameter.

Delamination分层

Separationofindividualpliesofafiber-reinforcedcomposite.

Ductiletobrittletransitiontemperature（DBTT）延脆性过渡温度

Thetemperaturebelowwhichamaterialbehavesinabrittlemannerinanimpacttest

Creeprate蠕变速率

Therateatwhichamaterialdeformswhenastressisappliedatahightemperature

Rupturetime断裂时间

Thetimerequiredforaspecimentofailbycreepataparticulartemperatureandstress

Fatiguelife疲劳寿命

Thenumberofcyclespermittedataparticularstressbeforeamaterialfailsbyfatigue

Endurancelimit疲劳极限

Anolderconceptthatdefinedastressbelowwhichamaterialwillnotfailinafatiguetest.

Tapecasting流延成型

Aprocessformakingthinsheetsofceramicsusingaceramicslurryconsistingofbinders（粘结剂）,plasticizers（可塑剂）,etc.Theslurryiscastwiththehelpofablade（刀片）ontoaplasticsubstrate.

Truestress实际应力

Fatiguestrength疲劳强度

Thestressrequiredtocausefailurebyfatigueinagivennumberofcycles,suchas500millioncycles.

Notchsensitivity切口灵敏度

Measurestheeffectofanotch,scratch（剐擦敏感度）-,orotherimperfection（不完整性,非理想性）onamaterial’sproperties,suchastoughnessorfatiguelife

Linearpolymer线型高分子

Anypolymerinwhichmoleculesareintheformofspaghetti-likechains（类似与意大利细面条）.

Brittlestress-rupturefailures脆性应力断裂失效

usuallyshowlittleneckingandoccurmoreoftenatsmallercreepratesandhightemperatures.

Creep蠕变

atimedependent,permanentdeformationathightemperature,occurringatconstantloadorconstantstress

Stress-corrosion应力腐蚀

Aphenomenoninwhichmaterialsreactwithcorrosivechemicalsintheenvironmentleadingtotheformationofcracksandloweringofstrength

Ruleofmixtures混合定律

Thestatementthatthepropertiesofacompositematerialareafunctionofthevolumefractionofeachmaterialinthecomposite

Trueporosity真实孔隙率

Thepercentageofaceramicbodythatiscomposedofbothclosedandinterconnectedporosity

ElectricalContacts电触头

Materials,usedforelectricalcontactsinswitchesandrelays（继电器）musthaveagoodcombinationofwearresistanceandelectricalconductivity.

Polymers高聚物

thesematerialsaremadeupofmany（poly）identicalchemicalunits（mers）thatarejoinedtogethertoconstructgiantmolecules（巨大的分子）.

Tensiletoughness断裂韧性

theenergyabsorbedbyamaterialpriortofracturing（断裂）

Ductility延展性

theamountofdeformationthatamaterialcanwithstandwithoutbreaking

Truestrain\真实形变

Thestraincalculatedusingactualandnotoriginaldimensions,givenbyet=ln（l/l0）=ln（A/A0）

Glass-ceramics微晶玻璃

arecrystallinematerialsthatarederivedfromamorphousglasses.Usually,glass-ceramicshaveasubstantiallevelofcrystallinity（~>70-99%）.

AdditionPolymerization加成聚合反应

Processbywhichpolymerchainsarebuiltupbyaddingmonomers（单体）togetherwithoutcreatingabyproduct（副产品）.

CondensationPolymerization缩聚反应

Apolymerizationmechanisminwhichasmallmolecule（e.g.,water,methanol,etc.）iscondensedoutasabyproduct

Deflectiontemperature变形温度

Thetampertureatwhichapolymerwilldeformagivenamountunderastandardload.

DegreeofPolymerization聚合度

Theaveragemolecularweightofthepolymerdividedbythemolecularweightofthemonomer.

Injectionmolding喷射造型法

Aprocessingtechniqueinwhichathermoplasticmass（loadedwithceramicpowder）ismixedinanextruder-likesetupandtheninjectedintoadietoformcomplexparts.Inthecaseofceramics,thethermoplasticisburntoff.

Conchoidalfracture（贝壳状的断裂）

Fracturesurfacecontainingaverysmoothmirrorzoneneartheoriginofthefracture,withtearlinescomprisingtheremainderofthesurface.

Poisson’sratio泊松比

longitudinalelasticdeformation（纵向变形）tothelateraldeformation（横向变形）occurringatthesametimebyatensileorcompressivestress.

Bulkdensity体积密度

Themassofaceramicbodyperunitvolume,includingclosedandinterconnectedporosity

Powdermetallurgy粉末冶金

Powderprocessingroutesusedforconvertingmetalandalloypowdersintousefulshapes

Temperedglass钢化玻璃

isproducedbyquenching（淬火）thesurfaceofplateglasswithaircausingthesurfacelayerstocoolandcontract.Whenthecentercools,itscontractionisrestrainedbythealreadyrigidsurface,whichisplacedincompression

Glasstemperature玻璃化温度

Atemperaturebelowwhichanotherwiseductile（延展性）materialbehavesasifitisbrittle

Glassformers玻璃形成体

Oxideswithahigh-bondstrengththateasilyproduceaglassduringprocessing

Intermediates中间体

Oxidesthat,whenaddedtoaglass,helptoextendtheglassynetwork;althoughtheoxidesnormallydonotformaglassthemselves.

stiffness刚度

Aqualitativemeasureoftheelasticdeformationproducedinamaterial.

Fracturemechanics断裂力学

Thestudyofamaterial’sabilitytowithstandstressinthepresenceofaflaw

Synthesis合成

istheprocessbywhichmaterialsaremadefromnaturallyoccurringorotherchemicals

Apparentporosity虚表孔率

Thepercentageofaceramicbodythatiscomposedofinterconnectedporosity

Trueporosity真实气孔率

Thepercentageofaceramicbodythatiscomposedofbothclosedandinterconnectedporosity

Vulcanization橡胶的硫化

Cross-linkingelastomerchainsbyintroducingsulfurorotherchemicals.

Degradationtemperature降解温度

Thetemperatureabovewhichapolymerburns,chars,ordecomposes

Thermoplasticelastomers热塑性弹性体

Thesearepolymers（thermoplasticsorlightlycross-linkedthermosets）thathaveanelastic（弹性形变）deformation>200%.

Unsaturatedbond不饱和键

Thedouble-oreventriple-covalentbondjoiningtwoatomstogetherinanorganicmolecule.

Functionality

Thenumberofsitesonamonomeratwhichpolymerization（聚合作用）canoccur

Branchedpolymer支链型高分子

Inabranchedpolymer,thereareprimarypolymerchainsandsecondaryoffshoots（分支）ofsmallerchainsthatstemfromthesemainchains.

Crystallinity结晶度

referstothedegreeofstructuralorderinasolid

Tacticity立构规整度

Describesthelocationinthepolymerchainofatomsoratomgroupsinnon-symmetricalmonomers（非对称性单体）.

Necking颈缩

Localizeddeformation（局部变形）ofaductilematerialduringatensiletestproducesaneckedregion（收缩区）.

Elasticlimit弹性极限

thecriticalstress（临界应力）valueneededtoinitiateplasticdeformation（开始塑性变形）ordislocationmotion（位错运动）.

Tensilestrength抗张强度

thestressatwhichNeckingbeginsinductilematerials.

Stress-corrosion应力腐蚀

Aphenomenoninwhichmaterialsreactwithcorrosivechemicalsintheenvironmentleadingtotheformationofcracksandloweringofstrength

Chevronpattern（回纹状图案）-

Acommonfracturefeatureproducedbyseparatecrackfrontspropagatingatdifferentlevelsinthematerial

Climb爬移

Movementofadislocationperpendicular（垂直的）toitsslipplanebythediffusionofatomstoorfromthedislocationline

Impactenergy冲击能量

Theenergyrequiredtofractureastandardspecimenwhentheloadisappliedsuddenly

Impacttoughness冲击韧性

Energyabsorbedbyamaterial,usuallynotched（有凹槽的）,duringfracture,undertheconditionsofimpacttest

ParticulatecompositesRuleofmixtures混合物的颗粒混合法则

Thestatementthatthepropertiesofacompositematerialareafunctionofthevolumefractionofeachmaterialinthecomposite

Relaxationtime松弛时间

Apropertyofapolymerthatisrelatedtotherateatwhichstressrelaxationoccurs.

CrackGrowthRate裂纹扩展速率

therateofpropagationofacrack

Copolymer共聚物

Macrohardness宏观硬度

Overallbulkhardnessofmaterialsmeasuredusingloads>2N.

Microhardness微观硬度

Hardnessofmaterialstypicallymeasuredusingloadslessthan2NusingsuchtestasKnoop（HK努普硬度）.

Nano-hardness纳米硬度

Hardnessofmaterials