《推手》看中美家庭观念的差异全文.docx

《推手》看中美家庭观念的差异全文.docx

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《推手》看中美家庭观念的差异全文

Content

I.Introduction

I.1ResearchBackground

Nowadays,thedevelopmentofmassmediaprovidesalotofopportunitiesforpeopletoexperiencedifferentcultures.Amongmassmedia,movieindustrymakesthe

mostpowerfulimpactonhumanbeings.Film-makersusefilmasakindofartformto

expresstheirinterpretationsoflife.Therefore,moviesnotonlyentertainus,butalsoinfluenceourviewsonourselves,othersandthewholeworld.Movies,asanessential

formofmassmedia,haveplayedanimportantroleininterculturalcommunication.

I.2Aims&Objectives

Researchoninterculturalcommunicationhelpsustoknowhowculturespermeatethroughourdailylife,leadourbehaviors,formourthinkpatternsandinfluenceourcommunicationswithpeoplewhohavediverseculturebackgrounds.Moviesaretheeffectivecarrierstobringdifferentculturestoaudiences.AlotofChinesedirectorsstandoutconspicuouslyintheworldwiththeiruniqueangleofviewsandtechniquesofexpressiontoshowChinesetraditionalculturestoforeignaudiences.Amongthem,AngLeeisthemostsuccessfulinterculturalfilms’director.WiththebackgroundofgrowingupinTaiWanandbeingeducatedinAmerica,AngLeehashisowncognitionsofculturedifferencesandintegration.ManyyearsoflivingexperienceinAmericaoffershimchancestogothroughtheprocessofinterculturaladaptationandtoformtheinterculturalpersonhood.

Fromhisfilms,theaudiencecouldseenotonlytheconflictsandintegrationsofeasternandwesternculturesbutalsoAngLee’sunderstandingsofthehumanity.Inhisearlyfilms,easternandwesternculturalconflictsarethemaintopicstodiscuss.Andinhislaterfilms,heintegrateseasternandwesternculturesandevenisbeyondeasternandwesterncultureboundariestoexploreanddiscusshumanity.Withlongtimeinterculturallifeexperience,AngLeehasformedinterculturalpersonhood.

I.3TheScopeofthisPaper

ThefirstpartintroducesAngLee’sbiography.AngLee’sinterculturalbackgroundaffordsthepossibilityforhimtoforminterculturalpersonhood.

Thesecondpartisthetheoreticalbackground.Itpresentsmanagingconflictandnegotiatingfacetheory,theinterculturaladaptationtheoryandtheoryofinterculturalpersonhood.

Thethirdpartisaveryimportantone.CrouchingTigerandHiddenDragonhasgainedabigsuccess.Easternandwesterncultureareintegratedperfectlyinthisfilm,whichshowsthatAngLeeisindualityprocessbecausehecanswitchbetweeneasternandwesternculture.Theinterculturaladaptationtheoryisadoptedheretoexplainhismind’sflexibility.

II.Theinterculturaladaptationtheory

TheInterculturaladaptationprocessoccurswhenindividualstravelfromoneculturetoanother,bothinlongandshorttermencounters.Alongwiththismovement,

thereseemstobeaprocessofadjustmentandfamiliarizationwiththenewsituation.Thesojournersseekoutspecificculturalknowledge,adoptadifferentstyleofcommunication,reservejudgmentonunfamiliarculturalpracticesorwithdrawfrominterculturalinteractions（Witter,1993>.Interculturaladaptationisacomplexanddynamicprocesswhichisaninevitablepartofinterculturalinteractions.

2.1Theprocessofadaptation

Ifasojournerwantstostayinthenewcultureenvironmentandleadahappylife,

he/shehastogothroughtheinterculturaladaptation.Mansellpointedoutthatsojournersexperiencetoonedegreeoranotherfouremotionalandaffectivestatesintheprocessofinterculturaladaptation:

alienation,marginality,acculturation,andduality.

Alienationcausesastrongdesireinsojournerstoretainidentificationwiththeownculture.Therejectionofthehostcultureleadsustolimitoursocialcircletoacquaintancesorworkcontactsandtoseekoutourownnationalsforsocialenjoyment.Unabletoemploythenecessaryskillsforadjustment,wefeeloutofsyncwiththehostcultureandwantdesperatelytoreturnhome.

Thefeelingofmarginalityislikeasandwich,surroundingbytwodifferentcultures.Sojournersdonotknowwhichsidetheybelongto.Theywouldfeelconfusedabouttheircultureidentities.Duringthisperiod,sojournerscanonlybuildupsuperficialconnectionswithhostnationalsandcanenjoyneitherhisnativeculturenorthenewhostculture.

Acculturationoccurswhensojournersestablishastrongneedtoadoptthewayof

livingofthehostculture.Ouridentificationwiththehostculturemeansthattheprimaryculturelosesitsimportance.Inthissituationweareabletomakeintimatefriendswiththehostnationalsandareablegraduallytoreplacesomeelementsouroriginalculturewithelementsofthehostculture.Yet,movingtooquicklytoadoptthenewculturemayposefrustrationsandobstaclestoourinterculturaladaptation.

Dualitysymbolizesthateventhoughsojournersarelivingintheforeigncountries,theyhavecultivatedtheabilityofsimultaneouslyswitchingbetweennativecultureandhostculture.Duringthisperiod,sojournersareabletogaintheachievementofbeingindependentandsubjectiveaboveprimarycultureandhostculture.Open-mindednessandflexibilityarenecessaryformaintainingthisabilityandestablishingthecontinuity.

2.2Interculturalpersonhood

Whensojournersgointodualityperiod,theirflexibilitycanhelpthemengagein

buildingaremarkablenewpersonhood---interculturalpersonhood.Culturalidentityin

itspureformhasbecomemoreanostalgicconceptthanareality.Interculturalpersonhoodisawayoflifeinwhichanindividualdevelopsanidentityandadefinitionofselfthatintegrates,ratherthanseparates,humanity.Interculturalpersonhoodprojectsakindofhumandevelopmentthatisopentogrowth---agrowthbeyondtheperimetersofone’sownculturalupbringing（Kim,Y.1996:

434>.Interculturalpersonhoodisanintegrationofeasternandwesternperspectives.Withtheinterculturalpersonhood,thesojournersareabletoconciliatecontradictoryelementsandtransformthemintocomplementary,interactingpartsofasinglewhole.Theemerginginterculturalpersonhood,then,isaspecialkindofmindsetthatpromisesgreaterfitnessinourincreasinglyinterculturalworld（Kim,2001>.

Thecurrentdiscussionofinterculturalpersonhoodowesmuchtothewritingsof

severalprominentthinkersofthe20thcenturywhohaveexploredideologieswithnationalandculturalinterestsandthatembraceallhumanity.OnesuchworkisNorthrop’sThemeetingofEastandWest（1996>,inwhichan“internationalcultureideal”waspresentedasawaytoprovideintellectualandemotionalfoundationsforwhatheenvisionedas“partialworldsovereignty.”InspirationhasalsobeendrawnfromtheworkofTompson（1973>,whichexploredtheideaof“planetaryculture,”orhowEasternmysticismwasintegratedwithWesternscienceandrationalism.TheprimarysourcesforthecurrentanalysisofEasternandWesternculturaltraditionsalsoincludeNakamura’sWayofThoughtofEasternPeople（1964>,Campbell’sThePowerpfMyth（1988>,Gulick’sTheEasternandtheWest（1963>,Oliver’sCommunicationandCultureinAncientIndiaandChina（1971>,Capra’sTheTaoofPhysics（1975>,andHall’sBeyondculture（1976>andTheDanceofLife（1983>.

Theemergenceofinterculturalpersonhoodisadirectfunctionofdramaticallyincreasinginterculturalcommunicationactivities.Communicatingacrossculturalidentityboundariesisoftenchallengingbecauseitprovokesquestionsaboutpeople’spresumedculturalpremisesandhabits,aswellaspeople’sinevitableintergroupposturingandtheus-and-thempsychologicalorientation（Kim,1995>.Yetitispreciselysuchchallengesthatofferusopeningsfornewculturallearning,self-awareness,andpersonalgrowth（Kim,1988,1995>.Thegreatertheseverityofinterculturalchallenges,thegreaterthepotentialforreinventionofaninnerselfthatgoesbeyondtheboundariesofouroriginalculturalconditioning.Inthisprocess,ouridentityistransformedgraduallyandimperceptiblyfromanascribedorassignedidentitytoanachievedoradoptedidentity—anemergentinterculturalpersonhoodatahigherlevelofintegration.

Suchanidentitytransformationtakesplaceinaprogressionofstages.Ineachstage,newconcepts,attitudes,andbehaviorsareincorporatedintoanindividual’spsychologicalmakeup.Aspreviouslyunknownlifepatternsareetchedintoournervoussystems,theybecomepartofournewpsyches.

Theevolutionofouridentityfromculturaltointerculturalisfarfromsmoothoreasy.Momentsofintensestresscanreversetheprocessatanytimebecauseindividualsmayindeedregresstowardreidentifyingwiththeirorigins,havingfoundthealienationandmalaiseinvolvedinmaintaininganewidentitytoomuchofastrain.Suchstrainmaytakevariousformsofanidentitycrisisandculturalmarginality.Yetthestressexperiencealsochallengesindividualstoaccommodatenewculturalelementsandbecomemorecapableofmakingdeliberateandappropriatechoicesaboutactionassituationsdemand.

III.ConflictsbetweenChineseandWesternCultureReflectedinPushingHands

Inthemuti-languagebackground,AngLeealwaystriestomeettherequirementofeasternandwesternaudiences.CrouchingTigerandHiddenDragon,usingwestern

narrativemodetotellaChinesestory,showstheaudiencetheChinesespiritandwestern’sthinkingpatterns（Xu,2001>.Thefilmisaroaringsuccess,nomatterintheperspectiveofcommercialvalueortheculturalvalue.ThisfilmisthefirstChinesefilmwhichisplayedinthemainAmericantheater.Throughthisfilm,ChineseWuxiacultureisfirstlydeliveredtowesternaudiencesandfirstlyacceptedbywesternmainstreamculture.Fromhisfilms’success,weknowAngLeeclearlyknowshisculturalidentityandthehumanity.HisfilmsattractnotonlyChineseaudiences