托福阅读tpo47.docx

托福阅读tpo47.docx

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托福阅读tpo47

TPO-47

RomanCulturalInfluenceonBritain

AftertheRomanEmpire’sconquestofBritaininthefirstcentury.,thepresenceofadministrators,merchants,andtroopsonBritishsoil,alongwiththenaturalflowofideasandgoodsfromtherestoftheempire,hadanenormousinfluenceonlifeintheBritishIsles.Culturalinfluenceswereofthreetypes:

thebringingofobjects,thetransferofcraftworkers,andtheintroductionofmassivecivilarchitecture.Manyobjectswerenotartineventhebroadestsenseandcomprisedutilitarianitemsofclothing,utensils,andequipment.Weshouldnotunderestimatethesocialstatusassociatedwithsuchmundanepossessionswhichhadnotpreviouslybeenavailable.ThefloodingofBritainwithred-glosspotteryformGaul（modern-dayFrance）,decoratedwithscenesfromClassicalmythology,probablybroughtmanyintocontactwiththestylesandartisticconceptsoftheGreco-Romanworldforthefirsttime,whetherornotthesymbolismwasunderstood.Mass-producedgoodswereaccompaniedbyfewermoreaestheticallyimpressiveobjectssuchasstatuettes.Suchpiecesperhapsfirstcamewithofficialsfortheirownreligiousworship;otherswerethenacquiredbynativeleadersasdiplomaticgiftsorbypurchase.Onceseenbythenatives,suchobjectscreatedafashionwhichrapidlyspreadthroughtheprovince.

Inthemostextremeinstances,nativesliterallyboughtthewholepackageofRomanculture.TheFishbournevilla,builtinthethirdquarterofthefirstcentury.,probablyforthenativeclientkingCogidubnus,amplyillustrateshisRomanpretensions.ItwasconstructedinthelatestItalianstylewithimportedmarblesandstylishmosaics.ItwaslavishlyfurnishedwithimportedsculpturesandotherClassicalobjects.AvisitorfromRomewouldhaverecognizeditsownerasaparticipantinthecontemporarycultureoftheempire,notatallprovincialintaste.Evenifthosefromthetraditionalfamilieslookeddownonhim,theywouldhavebeenunabletodismisshimasuncultured.Althoughexceptional,thisdemonstrateshownewculturalsymbolsboundprovincialstotheidentityoftheRomanworld.

Suchexamplesestablishedastandardtobecopied.Oneresultwasaninfluxofcraftworker,particularlythoseskilledinartisticmedialikestone-carvingwhichhadnotexistedbeforetheconquest.CivilianworkerscamemostlyfromGaulandGermany.ThemagnificenttemplebuiltbesidethesacredspringatBathwasconstructedonlyabouttwentyyearsaftertheconquest.ItsdetailshowsthatitwascarvedbyartistsfromnortheastGaul.IntheabsenceofatraditionofClassicalstone-carvingandbuilding,thedesiretodevelopRomanamenitieswouldhavebeendifficulttofulfill.AdministratorsthususedtheirpersonalcontactstoputtheBritonsintouchwitharchitectsandmasons.AsmanyoftheofficialsinBritainhadstronglinkswithGaul,itisnotsurprisingthatearlyRomanBritainowesmuchtocraftworkersfromthatarea.Localworkshopsdiddevelopandstylisticallysimilargroupsofsculptureshowhowskillsinthisnewmediumbecamewiderspread.Likewiseskillsintheuseofmosaic,wallpainting,ceramicdecoration,andmetal-workingdevelopedthroughouttheprovincewiththeeventualemergenceofcharacteristicallyRomano-Britishstyles.

Thisarthadamajorimpactonthenativepeoples,andoneofthemostimportancefactorswasachangeinthescaleofbuildings.Pre-RomanBritainwashighlylocalized,withpeoplerarelytravelingbeyondtheirownregion.Onoccasionlargegroupsamassedforwarorreligiousfestivals,butsocietyremainedcenteredonsmallcommunities.Architectureofthiserareflectedthiswitheventhelargestofthefortifiedtownsandhillfortscontainingnomorethanclustersofmedium-sizedstructures.Thespacesinsideeventhelargestroundhousesweremodest,andtheuseofroundedshapesandorganicbuildingmaterialsgavebuildingsahumanscale.■ButtheeffectofRomancivilarchitecturewassignificant.ThesheersizeofspaceenclosedwithinbuildingslikethebasilicaofLondonmusthavebeenastonishing.■Thiswasanarchitectureofdominanceinwhichsubjectpeopleswereliterallymadetofeelsmallbybuildingsthatepitomizedimperialpower.■Supremacywasaccentuatedbytheunyieldingstraightlinesofbothindividualbuildingsandplannedsettlementssincethesetooprovidedamarkedcontrastwiththenaturalcurvilinearshapesdominantinthenativerealm.■

1.Theword“mundane”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.material

B.ordinary

C.valued

D.useful

2.Paragraph1suggeststhatonebenefitforBritishnativesinbuyingsuchitemsasred-glosspotterymadeinGaulwas

A.improvedqualityofutilitarianitems

B.UnderstandingthesymbolismofClassicalmythology

C.highersocialstanding

D.Learningtomass-producepotteryforaprofit

3.Paragraph1supportswhichofthefollowingideasaboutcontactsthatexistedbetweenBritainandtheRomanEmpirebeforetheRomanconquestofBritain

A.TheyweresufficientfornativeBritonstobecomefamiliarwitheverydayRomanobjects.

B.TheywerenotsufficientforevenverybasicaspectsofthecultureoftheRomanEmpiretofind

theirwayintoBritishlife.

C.TheywerenotsufficientforBritishtohaveheardofthepoweroftheRomanEmpire.

D.TheyweresufficientforindividualBritonstobecomeveryinterestedintryingtoparticipateinthecultureoftheRomanEmpire.

4.Theword“lavishly”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

A.exclusively

B.additionally

C.appropriately

D.richly

5.Accordingtoparagraph2,thestyleandfurnishingsoftheFishbournevillasuggestthatthe

personforwhomitwasbuiltwas

A.culturedaccordingtothecontemporarystandardsoftheempire

B.caughtbetweennativeandRomantraditions

C.originallyavisitorfromRome

D.amemberofasociallyinferiorfamily

6.Theword“sacred”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto

A.holy

B.ancient

C.natural

D.Secret

7.Accordingtoparagraph3,onefactorcontributingtosuccessoftheearliestRoman-styleconstructionprojectsinBritainwas

A.thefactthatlongbeforetheconquestmanycivilianworkersfromGaulandGermanyhadsettledinBritain

B.therapiddevelopmentofcharacteristicallyRomano-Britishstyles

C.theavailability,innortheastGaul,ofstructuresthatcouldserveasstandardstobecopied

D.theuse,byadministrators,ofpersonalconnectionstobringcraftworkersformGaulintocontactwithBritons

8.Inparagraph4,whydoestheauthormentionthat“Pre-RomanBritainwashighlylocalized,withpeoplerarelytravelingbeyondtheirownregion”

A.TosuggestthattheRomanconquestofBritainincreasedthestandardoflivingfornatives

B.Toindicatethatpre-RomanBritainwasmoreinterestedinfestivalsandcommunitylifethanconqueringotherregions

C.Toexplainwhyarchitectureduringthisperiodwasnotbuilttobeparticularlylarge

D.ToillustratehowthetraditionalroundhouseevolvedundertheinfluenceofRomancivilarchitecture

9.Theword“modest”inthepassageinclosetinmeaningto

A.comfortable

B.limitedinnumber

C.poorlylit

D.notlarge

10.Accordingtoparagraph4,peopleinpre-RomanBritainlived,forthemostpart,in

A.architecturethatseemedimperialinsize

B.smallcommunities

C.largeroundhouses

D.fortifiedtowns

11.Accordingtoparagraph4,whydidstraightlinesinbuildingsandsettlementsemphasizethedominanceofthosewhointroducedthem

A.Becausestraightlineswereincontrasttotheshapesfoundinpre-Romanarchitecture

B.Becauseunlikecurvedlines,whichareshapedinallsortsofdifferentways,straightlinesdonodiffer

C.Becausethedominantlinesinentiresettlementswerethesameasthoseinindividualbuildings

D.Becausebuildingandsettlementswereeasiertoconstructwhenthedominantlineswerestraightlines

12.Accordingtoparagraph4,buildingsfromthepre-RomanperioddifferedsharplyfrombuildingsreflectionRomancivilarchitectureineachofthefollowingrespectsEXCEPT

A.theiroutsideandinsidedimensions

B.theimpacttheyhadonpeople

C.thegeometricshapesinwhichtheywerebuilt

D.thepositioningofbuildingsinclusters

13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Practicalandunimpressive,mostwerebarelytallerthantheaverageadult.

WherewouldthesentencebestfitClickonasquare[■]toaddthesentencetothepassage.

14.Directions:

AnintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedthesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth3points.

TheconquestofBritainbytheRomanEmpireresultedinsignificantculturalchange.

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AnswerChoices

A.NewobjectsenteringBritainrangedfrommass-producedarticlesforeverydayusetoworksofart,andtheywerewidely-andenthusiastically-acceptedbynativeBritons.

B.ConstructingandfurnishingbuildingsintheRomanstylerequiredskillsthatnativeworkersdidnotatfirsthave,soworkerswerebroughtinfromotherpartsoftheempire.

C.NativeBritonstraveledtoGaultolearnClassicalstone-carvingandbuildingtechniques.

D.Theconquestwasfollowedbyabuildingboom,andenoughvillasandtemplesintheItalianstylewerebuiltthatavisitorfromRomewouldhavefeltquiteathomeinpost-conquestBritain.

E.AnimportantsymbolofRomansupremacywasRomanarchitecture,whoseenormoussize,emphasizedbytheuseofstraigh