机械设计类英文文献及翻译.docx

机械设计类英文文献及翻译.docx

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机械设计类英文文献及翻译

TheSunflowerSeedHullerandOilPress

ByJeffCox

--from OrganicGardening，April1979，RodalePress

IN2，500SQUAREFEET，afamilyoffourcangroweachyearenoughsunflowerseedtoproducethreegallonsofhomemadevegetableoilsuitableforsaladsorcookingand20poundsofnutritious,dehulledseed—-withenoughbrokenseedsleftovertofeedawinter'sworthofbirds.Theproblem，heretofore，withsunflowerseedswasthedifficultyofdehullingthemathome，andthelackofadeviceforexpressingoilfromtheseeds.Aboutsixmonthsago,wedecidedtochangeallthat.Thejobwastofindoutwhomakesasunflowerseeddehullerortodeviseoneifnoneweremanufactured。

Andtoeitherlocateahome—scaleoilseedpressordeviseone.Nomeantask.OurresearchestookusfromNorthDakota——hubofcommercialsunfloweractivityinthenation——toasearchofthefilesintheU.S.PatentOffice，withstopsinbetween。

Weturnedupalotofbigmachinery，discoveredhowdifficultitistobuyreallypure，unrefinedvegetableoils，butfoundnosmall—scaleequipmenttodehullsunflowersorpressouttheiroil。

Thekeytosuccess,however，wasonourdeskthewholetime。

Inspring1977,AugustKormierhadsubmittedafree—lancearticledescribinghowheusedaCoronagrainmilltodehullhissunflowerseeds,andhisvacuumcleanerexhausthosetoblowthehullsoffthekernels.Asecondseparationfloatedofftheremaininghulls,leavingacleanproduct。

We’dtriedit，butbecausesomekernelswerecrackedandtheprocessinvolveddrying，wehadn'tbeensatisfied.NowwefeltthebestapproachwastobeginagainwithwhatwelearnedfromMr。

Kormierandrefineit.StaffEditorDianaBranchandHomeWorkplaceEditorJimEldonworkedwithanumberofhand—andelectric—poweredgrainmills。

WhiletheCoronadidapassablejob，theygotthebestresultswiththeC。

S。

Bell＃60handmillandtheMarathonUniMill，whichismotor—driven.”Icouldn’tbelievemyeyesthefirsttimeItriedtheMarathon,"Dianasays。

”Iopenedthestonesto1/8thinch,andoutcameabinfullofwholekernelsandhullssplitrightattheseams.Whatathrillthatwas！

”Shefoundthatbystartingatthewidestsetting,andgraduallynarrowingtheopening,almosteveryseedwasdehulled。

Thestonescrackthehullsopen,thenrubthemtoencouragetheseedawayfromthefibrouslining。

TheBellhandmillworkedalmostaswell.”Aslongasthestonesopenatleastaswideasthewidestunhulledseed，anymillwillwork,”shesays.Becausetheseedslipsthroughthemillonitsflatside,gradingisanimportantsteptotakebeforedehulling。

Wemadethreesizingboxes。

Thefirstis1/4—inchhardwarecloth[wirescreen］。

Thesecondistwolayersof1/4-inchcloth，movedslightlyaparttonarrowtheopeninginonedirection，andthethirdistwolayersofscreenadjustedtomakeastill-smalleropening.Sincethesmallestunhulledseedsareaboutthesizeofthelargesthulledkernels,thegradingsteppreventstheseundersizedseedsfrompassingthroughunhulled.Processedtogetherataclosersetting,thesmallestseedshulledout。

JimEldon'sworkshopislitteredwithstrange-lookingpiecesofapparatus。

Theyrepresentinitialattemptstobuildaworkablewinnowingbox，usingKormier'svacuumexhaustideaforasourceofair.Jim，FredMatlackandDianafinallymadeaboxwithaPlexiglasfront，throughwhichtheycouldobservewhatwashappening.Theycutaholeinthebackoftheboxwithaslidingcovertoregulatetheairpressure，andfiddledwithvariousarrangementsofbaffles。

Theresultwasastreamofhullsexitingthroughoneholewhilethekernelsfelltothebottomofthebox。

Nowtheywerereadytotryafive-poundsampleofunhulledsunflowerseedstoseehowmuchtheycouldrecover.Thefivepoundsweregradedanddehulled,thenwinnowed。

Wegotaboutonehullforeverytenkernelsinthefinal,winnowedproduct.Theseareeasilypickedout。

Theyusuallycontainkernelsstillheldbehindthefibrousstringsofthehull.Theirweightpreventsthemfromblowingoutwiththeemptyhulls。

Wefoundthatbug—eatenseedsdoblowawaywiththechaff,whichwasabonusforcleanlinessofthefinalproduct.Tossthehullstothebirds，whowillfindbrokenseedsamongthem.Startingwith80ouncesofunhulledseed,weendedupwith41-1/4ouncesofediblewholeseeds,1.8ouncesofdamagedseedssuitableforanimalfeed，and36.6ouncesofhulls。

Ittookusaboutanhour.Notbad。

Sunflowerseedsstoreperfectlyinthehulls，buttheydeterioratemorerapidlywhenshelledout。

Thegrainmilldehullerandwinnowingboxgivethegardenerawaytohavethefreshestpossibleseedsforeatingatalltimesoftheyear.Withtheconstructionofonemorepieceofequipment-—theoilpress-—hecanhaveabsolutelyfresh，unrefined,polyunsaturatedsunfloweroilforsalads,mayonnaiseandcooking.

Mostlight,refinedvegetableoilshavebeenextractedusinghexane，aformofnaphtha.Theoilisthenheatedtoboiloffthehexane。

Lyeisdumpedintoit.It’swashedwithsteam，thenheatedtoremoveodorsandtastebeforebeinglacedwithpreservativesandstabilizers.Itmayfeeloilyinthemouth，butyoumightaswelltasteair.Nosowithfresh-madesunfloweroil-—it'sdeliciouslyyetsubtlynuttyinflavor，addingunsurpassedflavortosalads.There'sgoodreasontobelievethatsunfloweroilmaybecomethe#1vegetableoilintheU。

S.inafewyears。

It'salready＃1inhealth-consciousEurope。

Cornoilhasalreadycaughtonhereforhealthreasons,andsunfloweroilissomuchbetter。

Sunfloweroil's70percentpolyunsaturateisjustundersafflower，withcornoilbringinguptherearwith55percent。

Andsunflowersyield40percentoil，soybeansonly20percent。

Ouroilpressisrelativelysimple，butitmustbeweldedtogether。

Checktheconstructiondirectionsfordetails.Thepressconsistsofaweldedtubularframewhichacceptsathree—tonhydraulicjack.Youmayalreadyhaveone.Ifnot，itcanbepurchasedatmostautoandhardwarestoresforabout＄16.Ametalcanisterwithholesdrilledinitssidesandoneendweldedshutholdsthemashedsunflowerseeds.Apistonisinsertedinthecanisterandtheninvertedandslippedoverapedestalontheframe.Thejackissetinplace,andthepressuregraduallyincreasedoverhalfanhour.Theoildripsfromthesidesofthecanisterintoatray——thebottomofaplasticjugslippedoverthepedestalworksfine--whichemptiestheoilintoacup。

Youcanfiltertheoilwithacoffeefiltertoremovepiecesofseedandotherfineparticlesthatwouldburniftheoilwereusedforcooking。

Ifit'sforsaladsormayonnaise，there’snoneedtofilterit。

Wefirsttriedusing"confectionary”sunflowerseedsforoil.Thesearetheregulareatingkernelswe’reusedtoseeing.Theygivelessthanhalfasmuchoilastheoilseedtypesofsunflower.AlthoughyoucanuseconfectionarytypessuchasMAMMOTHRUS—SIANforoil，don’texpecttogetmorethananounceandahalffromapoundofseed。

Oilseedproducesthreeormoreouncesofoilfromapoundofseedandiswellworthplantingalongwithconfectionary—typeseeds.Oilseedhasanotherbigadvantage——toprepareit,youcanputthewhole，unhulledseedintoablenderandwhizituntilitformsafinemeal,whileconfectionaryseedsmustbedehulledfirst.Theentiresequenceofgrading,dehullingandwinnowingisavoidedwithoilseed.Oiltypesproduceaboutatenthofapoundofseedperheadincommercialproduction.Gardeners,withtheirbettersoilandcare,invariablydobetterthanthat。

Ourconservativeestimateisthat1,280plantswillbeenoughforthreegallonsofoil.Spacedonefootapartinrowstwofeetapart,1，280oilseedplantswilltakeaspace40—by—56feet，or80-by-28ifyouwantamorerectangularpatchtofacesouth。

Weworkedinpoundbatches，sincethecanisterjustholdsonepoundofmash.Afterblending,weheateditto170degreesF。

（77degC）byplacingitina300-degreeF.（149degC）ovenandstirringiteveryfiveminutesfor20minutes.Heatinggetstheoilflowinganddoublestheyieldofoil。

Incaseyou'rewondering，"cold—pressed”oilssoldcommerciallyarealsoheated，andsomearesubjectedtotheentirechemicalprocess.Thetermhasnofirmmeaningwithintheindustry,accordingtotheliteraturewe’vesurveyed.Heatingdoesnotchangethestructureoffats.Itwillnotturnpolyunsaturatedfatsintosaturatedfats.Infact，Dr。

DonaldR。

Germanninhisbook,”TheAnti-CancerDiet"，saysthat”。

。

。

anunsaturatedfatmustbeheatedtohightemperatures——above425degreesF.or200degreesC。

--atleast8or10timesbeforeanyshifttowardsaturationoccurs..。

"DeanC。

Fletcher，Ph.D。

oftheAmericanMedicalAssociationDepartmentofFoodsandNutritioninChicago,says,"It’struethateitherhightemperatureorrepeatedheatingdoeschangethenatureofsomeoftheunsaturatedoilmolecules。

（But）theflavoroftheoilchangesasthesechemicalchangesoccur,spoilingitstaste.Thiseffectisprobablymoreprofoundthananyofthephysiologicalchangesthealteredoilmightproducewithinthebody。

”From500gm.ofheatedmash，wepressed89gm.ofoil,89percentoftheentireamountavailableandtwiceasmuchaswecouldpressfromunheatedoil！

Thedecisionisuptoyouwhetherornottoheatthemash,butthatextra50percentseemslikeanawfullot，especiallywhenthewholetechniqueissolaborintensive。

Theoilshouldbestoredintherefrigerator，andit'sprobablybesttouseitwithinamonth,sinceithasnopreservatives.Mayonnaisemadewithsuchfreshoilsshouldbekeptrefrigeratedandusedwithintwoweeks.Theleftovercake，stillcontaining50percentofitsoil，isanutritiousadditiontoyourdishes，andmakesexcellentfeedforanimalsorwinterbir