专业课语言学知识板块及考点总结.docx

专业课语言学知识板块及考点总结.docx

《专业课语言学知识板块及考点总结.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《专业课语言学知识板块及考点总结.docx（16页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

专业课语言学知识板块及考点总结

语言学知识板块及考点总结

Ⅰ定义篇

1phonetics（U2of陈；C3of丁）

⑴phoneticsdealswithdescription,classificationandtranscriptionofspeechsounds.

（2）consonantsaresoundsproducedbyobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacestodivert,impedeorcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.

（3）cardinalvowelsareasetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendingtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelofexistinglanguages.

（4）coarticulationistheprocessofsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationswhensoundsshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.

（5）phoneticstranscription:

1.whenwetrytosymbolizeallthepossiblespeechsounds,includingeventheminutestshadesofpronunciation,itiscallednarrowtranscription.

2.whenweuseasetofsimplesymbolsinourtranscription,tryingtoindicateonlythosesoundscapableofdistinguishonewordfromanotherinagivenlanguage,itiscalledbroadtranscription.

（6）RP:

shortforreceivedpronunciation,thestandardaccentofEnglishasspokeninthesouthofEngland,Ithasbeentheaccentofthosewithpower,moneyandinfluencesincetheearlytomid20thcentury.

2phonology

（1）phonologyisconcernedwiththeexplorationofthepatternsgoverningsoundcombinations.

（2）Phonesarethesmallestperceptiblesegmentofsoundsinastreamofspeech.

（3）phonemeisanabstractcollectionofphoneticsfeatureswhichcandistinguishmeaning.

（4）minimalpair:

whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentinthesameplaceinstrings,thetwosoundsegmentsarecalledaminimalpair.

（5）allophones:

thedifferentrealizationsofthesamephonemeindifferentphoneticsenvironmentsarecalledallophones.

plementarydistribution:

whentwoormorethantwoallophonesofthesamephonemesdonotdistinguishmeaningandoccurindifferentphoneticenvironments.

2.freevariation:

ifthesubstitutionofonesounddoesnotgenerateanewwordbutmerelyadifferentsoundofthesameword,thetwosoundscanbeseenasinfreevariation.

（6）pitch:

differentfrequenciesproducedbydifferentratesofvibrationinsoundproduction.

（7）stress:

itreferstothedegreeofforceinproducingasyllable.

（8）intonation：

itinvolvestheoccurrenceofrecurringfalling-raisingpatterns,eachofwhichisusedwithasetofrelativelyconsistentmeanings,either.（Englishisastress-timedlanguage.）

（9）tone:

tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferentrateofvariationofthevocalcords.

（10）assimilation:

theassimilationruleassimilateonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.

1.palatalization:

aprocessbywhichanoriginallyalveolarsoundismovedbackwardtothepalatalarea.（e.g.didyou/diju:

/→/did3u:

/）

2.voiceassimilation:

asoundchangestobelikeitspronunciationtobelikeitsneighborsintermsofbeingvoicedorvoiceless.（e.g.metal→meddle）

3.placeassimilation:

assimilationthataffectsplaceofarticulation（e.g.greenpark）

4.elision:

itreferstotheprocessbywhichsomesoundsmaysimplyleftoutinrapidspeech.（e.g./t/inthatperson）

5.liaison:

连音，thepronunciationofanotherwiseabsentconsonantsoundattheendofthefirstoftwoconsecutivewordsthesecondofwhichbeginswithavowelsoundandfollowswithoutpause

（11）differentsoundpattern:

1.alliteration（Cvc）:

theinitialconsonantsareidentical

2.assonance（cVc）:

syllableswiththesamevowel

3.consonance（cvC）:

syllablesendingwiththesameconsonant

4.reverserhyme（CVc）:

syllablessharingthevowelandinitialconsonant.

5.pararhyme（CvC）:

syllableshavingthesameinitialandfinalconsonants

3grammar（U3，U4of陈；C2of丁）

Ⅰlexicon

（1）morpheme:

thesmallestunitoflanguage,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitwithoutdestroyingordramaticallyalteringitsmeaning.

（2）freemorpheme:

mayoccuraloneorconstitutewordsbythemselves.Allmonomorrphemesarefreemorphemesandpolymorphemicwords,whichconsistofwhollyfreemorphemes,arecompound.

（3）boundmorpheme:

cannotoccuralone.Theymustappearwithatleastanothermorphemetoformaword.

（4）root:

thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithoutdestroyingitsmeaning.itiseitherafreemorphemeorboundmorpheme..

（5）affix:

isacollectionofthetypeofmorphemeswhichcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme,soaffixisnaturallybound.

（6）stem:

isanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.

（7）inflectionalaffix：

donotchangethecategoryofthewordbutonlyaddagrammaticalmeaningtothestem

（8）derivationalaffix：

changelexicalmeaningandthewordclass

（9）acronym:

ismadeupfromthefirstletterofthenameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword.

（10）initialism:

（11）neologism:

isanewlycoinedterm,wordorphrase,thatmaybeintheprocessofenteringcommonuse,buthasnotyetbeenacceptedintomainstreamlanguage.

（12）allomorph:

isavariantformofamorpheme.Theconceptoccurswhenaunitofmeaningcanvaryinsoundwithoutchangingmeaning.

（e.g.inEnglish,apasttensemorphemeis-ed.Itoccursinseveralallomorphsdependingonitsphonologicalenvironment,assimilatingvoicingoftheprevioussegmentorinsertingaschwawhenfollowinganalveolarstop）

●as/əd/or/ɪd/whenthestemendswiththealveolarstops/t/or/d/

●as/t/whenthestemendswithvoicelessphonemes

●as/d/elsewhere

（13）collocation:

definesasequenceofwordsortermsthatco-occurmoreoftenthanwouldbeexpectedbychance.（e.g.strongtea;powerfulcomputer,butnottheotherwayaround）

（14）idiom:

isanexpression,word,orphrasethathasafigurativemeaningthatiscomprehendedinregardtoacommonuseofthatexpressionthatisseparatefromtheliteralmeaningordefinitionofthewordsofwhichitismade.

Ⅱsyntax

thestructureofEnglish

（1）sentencepattern

（2）hierarchicalstructure------ImmediateConstituentAnalysis:

bringoutsyntacticambiguity

（3）surfacestructure（onlyoneinasinglesentence）:

thevisiblesentencesequence

（4）deepstructure（impossiblymorethanone—ambiguousutterance）:

whatwegetfromICAnalysis

（5）labeledtreediagram:

加标记的树形图

（6）sentencearebelievedtobegeneratebytwobasictypesofrules:

phrasestructure（Dinp34-49）&transformationalrules

（7）phrasestructurerules:

（e.g.S→NPVP）

（8）lexicalrules:

rulesindicatingthewordstobeusedforconstituents

（9）particlemovement：

thedirectobjectiftheverbisdelayedanadjunctorindirectobject,sometimeobligatory（whenpronounactastheobjecte.g.standhimup√standuphim*）

（10）simplesentence:

asentencecontainingonlyonesubject-predicatestructure

（11）coordinatesentence:

simplesentenceconnectedbyconjunctions,thetwosentencehaveequalstatus,parataxis（DinP56）

（12）complexsentence:

whenoneormoreclauseareembeddedintoamainclausetocommunicatepurpose,reasons,etc

（13）endocentricconstruction:

phrasecanbereplacebyoneofitsimmediateconstituents（lonelypolicemanbypoliceman）orbyamemberofthemajorword-classasoneofitsimmediateconstituent（themanbyJohn）

（14）subordinateendocentricconstruction:

~onlyoneoftheimmediateconstituentscanstandforthewhole

（15）exocentricconstruction:

phrasecannotbereplacedsyntacticallybyanyofitsimmediateconstituents

（16）generativegrammar:

attemptstoproduceaparticulartypeofgrammarhavingexplicitsystemofrulesspecifyingwhatcombinationsofbasicelementswouldresultinwell-formedsentences

_____________________________________________________________________

GrammarofEnglish

（1）X-words:

auxiliaries,modal----seemsnotconfidentaboutyouropinion,cannotbeusedinacademicwriting.

（2）non-finiteverbalgroup:

=非谓语结构，to,V-ing,PP（pastparticiple）

（3）particleandphrasalverbs:

a.inseparablephrasalverb=verb+preposition=transitiveverb

b.seperablephrasalverb=verb+adverbial（particle）

c.verb+adverbial+preposition=tansitiveverb=inseperablephrasalverb

（4）sentencepattern/relationbetweenclause

a.parataxis=compoundsentence（but,or,yet,and连接） :

therelationbetweenclausesarecoordinate.

b.hypotaxis：

1）adverbialashypotacticclause2）indirectquotationas~（“so”substitution:

onlyforrepot,notforfact/ifsthfollowingtheverbisanobjectivecomplement,itcanbereplacebyanominalgrouporadeixis）

3）non-definingrelativeclausevs.definingrelativeclause:

tosaysomecharacteristicsoftheitem,asancomplement.

todistinguishtheobjectfromsimilarones,→rankshift

c.rankshift:

withthehelpofanincluder,（definingattributiveclause,subjectiveclauseobjectiveclause）

（5）half-clause:

toavoidoveruseofconjunctions;1）prep2）subject3）with/withoutbeing

（6）modifyingrelationsbetweenclauses

4semantics（thestudyofthemeaningaspectoflanguage）

（1）wordsviewing:

universalsemanticpropertiesorfeaturesP104

（2）metalanguage:

thelanguageusedinsignifyingthelanguageitself,forexamplethefeaturesymbolusedincomponentialanalysis.[HUAMAN],[EQUINE],[OVINE],[BOVINE],[PORCINE],[CANINE],[LEPRINE],[CERVINE],[FELINE]

（3）semanticrelations:

a.synonymous-synonym（nopairofwordsareabsolutelyinterchangeableorsynonymousbecausenotwowordscontainexactlythesamenumberortypeofsemanticproperties.）dialectical,evaluational（dependingonsituation）,registral（dependingonemotional）,collocationally-resticted

b.antonymous-antonym（gradable,complementary,converse/relational）

c.hyponymy-hyponym（superordinate/umbrellaword）vs.subordinate

d.polysemous:

thesameformhavingatleasttwomeaning,whichareintrinsicallyoretymologicallyrelated.

e.homonymy:

homograp