专业课语言学知识板块及考点总结.docx

1、专业课语言学知识板块及考点总结语言学知识板块及考点总结定义篇1phonetics(U2 of 陈；C3 of 丁)phonetics deals with description, classification and transcription of speech sounds.(2)consonants are sounds produced by obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.(3)

2、cardinal vowels are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed andunchanging, intending to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowel of existing languages.(4)coarticulation is the process of simultaneous or overlapping articulations when sounds show the influence

3、of their neighbors.(5)phonetics transcription:1. when we try to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including even the minutest shades of pronunciation, it is called narrow transcription.2. when we use a set of simple symbols in our transcription, trying to indicate only those sounds capable o

4、f distinguish one word from another in a given language, it is called broad transcription.(6)RP: short for received pronunciation, the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England, It has been the accent of those with power, money and influence since the early to mid 20th century.2ph

5、onology(1)phonology is concerned with the exploration of the patterns governing sound combinations.(2)Phones are the smallest perceptible segment of sounds in a stream of speech.(3)phoneme is an abstract collection of phonetics features which can distinguish meaning.(4)minimal pair: when two differe

6、nt forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment in the same place in strings, the two sound segments are called a minimal pair. (5)allophones: the different realizations of the same phoneme in different phonetics environments are called allophones. plementary distribution: when two

7、or more than two allophones of the same phonemes do not distinguish meaning and occur in different phonetic environments.2.free variation: if the substitution of one sound does not generate a new word but merely a different sound of the same word, the two sounds can be seen as in free variation. (6)

8、pitch: different frequencies produced by different rates of vibration in sound production.(7)stress: it refers to the degree of force in producing a syllable.(8)intonation：it involves the occurrence of recurring falling-raising patterns, each of which is used with a set of relatively consistent mean

9、ings, either. (English is a stress-timed language.)(9)tone: tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the different rate of variation of the vocal cords.(10)assimilation: the assimilation rule assimilate one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two pho

10、nes similar.1.palatalization:a process by which an originally alveolar sound is moved backward to the palatal area.(e.g. did you /di ju:/did3u:/)2.voice assimilation: a sound changes to be like its pronunciation to be like its neighbors in terms of being voiced or voiceless. (e.g. metalmeddle)3.plac

11、e assimilation: assimilation that affects place of articulation(e.g. green park)4.elision: it refers to the process by which some sounds may simply left out in rapid speech.(e.g. /t/ in that person)5.liaison:连音，the pronunciation of an otherwise absent consonant sound at the end of the first of two c

12、onsecutive words the second of which begins with a vowel sound and follows without pause（11）different sound pattern:1. alliteration (Cvc): the initial consonants are identical2. assonance (cVc): syllables with the same vowel3. consonance (cvC): syllables ending with the same consonant4. reverse rhym

13、e (CVc): syllables sharing the vowel and initial consonant.5. pararhyme (CvC): syllables having the same initial and final consonants3grammar(U3，U4 of 陈；C2 of 丁)lexicon(1)morpheme: the smallest unit of language, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller unit without destroying or dramatical

14、ly altering its meaning. (2) free morpheme: may occur alone or constitute words by themselves. All monomorrphemes are free morphemes and polymorphemic words, which consist of wholly free morphemes, are compound. (3) bound morpheme: cannot occur alone. They must appear with at least another morpheme

15、to form a word. (4) root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning. it is either a free morpheme or bound morpheme. (5) affix: is a collection of the type of morphemes which can be used only when added to another morpheme, so affix is naturally bound. (6

16、) stem: is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. (7) inflectional affix：do not change the category of the word but only add a grammatical meaning to the stem (8) derivational affix：change lexical meaning and the word class (9) acronym: is made up from

17、the first letter of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword. (10) initialism: (11) neologism: is a newly coined term, word or phrase, that may be in the process of entering common use, but has not yet been accepted into mainstream language. (12) allomorph: is a variant for

18、m of a morpheme. The concept occurs when a unit of meaning can vary in sound without changing meaning. (e.g. in English, a past tense morpheme is -ed. It occurs in several allomorphs depending on its phonological environment, assimilating voicing of the previous segment or inserting a schwa when fol

19、lowing an alveolar stop)as /d/ or /d/ when the stem ends with the alveolar stops /t/ or /d/as /t/ when the stem ends with voiceless phonemesas /d/ elsewhere (13) collocation: defines a sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often thanwould be expected by chance. (e.g. strong tea; powerful com

20、puter, but not the other way around)(14) idiom: is an expression, word, or phrase that has a figurativemeaning that iscomprehended in regard to a common use of that expression that is separate from the literal meaning or definition of the words of which it is made.syntaxthe structure of English(1)se

21、ntence pattern(2)hierarchical structure-Immediate Constituent Analysis: bring out syntactic ambiguity(3)surfacestructure(only one in a single sentence): the visible sentence sequence(4)deep structure(impossibly more than oneambiguous utterance): what we get from IC Analysis(5)labeled tree diagram: 加

22、标记的树形图(6)sentence are believed to be generate by two basic types of rules: phrase structure(Din p34-49) & transformational rules(7)phrase structure rules: (e.g. SNP VP)(8)lexical rules: rules indicating the words to be used for constituents(9)particle movement：the direct object if the verb is delaye

23、d an adjunct or indirect object, sometime obligatory(when pronoun act as the object e.g. stand him upstand up him *)(10)simple sentence: a sentence containing only one subject-predicate structure(11)coordinate sentence: simple sentence connected by conjunctions, the two sentence have equal status, p

24、arataxis(Din P56)(12)complex sentence: when one or more clause are embedded in to a main clause to communicate purpose, reasons ,etc(13)endocentric construction: phrase can be replace by one of its immediate constituents(lonely policeman by policeman) or by a member of the major word-class as one of

25、 its immediate constituent( the man by John )(14)subordinate endocentric construction: only one of the immediate constituents can stand for the whole(15)exocentric construction: phrase cannot be replaced syntactically by any of its immediate constituents(16)generative grammar: attempts to produce a

26、particular type of grammar having explicit system of rules specifying what combinations of basic elements would result in well-formed sentences_Grammar of English(1)X-words: auxiliaries, modal -seems not confident about your opinion, cannot be used in academic writing.(2)non-finite verbal group: =非谓

27、语结构，to , V-ing, PP (past participle)(3)particle and phrasal verbs:a.inseparable phrasal verb=verb+preposition=transitive verbb.seperable phrasal verb=verb+adverbial(particle)c.verb+adverbial+preposition=tansitive verb=inseperable phrasal verb(4)sentence pattern/ relation between clausea.parataxis=co

28、mpound sentence(but, or, yet, and连接):the relation between clauses are coordinate.b.hypotaxis：1)adverbial as hypotactic clause 2)indirect quotation as(“so” substitution: only for repot, not for fact/ if sth following the verb is an objective complement, it can be replace by a nominal group or a deixi

29、s)3)non-defining relative clause vs. defining relative clause: to say some characteristics of the item, as an complement. to distinguish the object from similar ones,rankshiftc.rankshift:with the help of an includer,(defining attributive clause, subjective clause objective clause )(5)half-clause: to

30、 avoid overuse of conjunctions; 1) prep 2) subject 3) with/without being(6)modifying relations between clauses4semantics(the study of the meaning aspect of language)(1)words viewing: universal semantic properties or features P104(2)metalanguage: the language used in signifying the language itself, f

31、or example the feature symbol used in componential analysis. HUAMAN,EQUINE,OVINE,BOVINE,PORCINE,CANINE,LEPRINE,CERVINE,FELINE(3)semantic relations: a.synonymous-synonym (no pair of words are absolutely interchangeable or synonymous because no two words contain exactly the same number or type of sema

32、ntic properties.)dialectical, evaluational(depending on situation),registral(depending on emotional), collocationally-restictedb.antonymous-antonym(gradable, complementary, converse/relational)c.hyponymy-hyponym(superordinate/umbrella word) vs. subordinated.polysemous: the same form having at least two meaning, which are intrinsically or etymologically related.e.homonymy:homograp