GMAT网络课堂阅读笔记王昆嵩主讲2.docx

GMAT网络课堂阅读笔记王昆嵩主讲2.docx

《GMAT网络课堂阅读笔记王昆嵩主讲2.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《GMAT网络课堂阅读笔记王昆嵩主讲2.docx（15页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

GMAT网络课堂阅读笔记王昆嵩主讲2

Passage1

Priorto1975,unioneffortstoorganizepublicsectorclericalworkers,mostofwhomarewomen,weresomewhatlimited.Thefactorsfavoringunionizationdrivesseemtohavebeeneitherthepresenceoflargenumbersofworkers,asinNewYorkCity,tomakeitworththeeffort,ortheconcentrationofsmallnumbersinoneortwolocations,suchasahospital,tomakeitrelativelyeasy.Receptivitytounionizationontheworkers'partwasalsoaconsideration,butwhentherewerelargenumbersinvolvedortheclericalworkersweretheonlyunorganizedgroupinajurisdiction,themultioccupationalunionswouldoftentrytoorganizethemregardlessoftheworkers'initialreceptivity.Thestrategicreasoningwasbased,first,ontheconcernthatpoliticiansandadministratorsmightplayoffunionizedagainstnonunionizedworkers,and,second,ontheconvictionthatafullyunionizedpublicworkforcemeantpower,bothatthebargainingtableandinthelegislature.Inlocalitieswhereclericalworkerswerefewinnumber,werescatteredinseveralworkplaces,andexpressednointerestinbeingorganized,unionsmoreoftenthannotignoredtheminthepre-1975period.

Butsincethemid-1970's,adifferentstrategyhasemerged.In1977,34percentofgovernmentclericalworkerswererepresentedbyalabororganization,comparedwith46percentofgovernmentprofessionals,44percentofgovernmentblue-collarworkers,and41percentofgovernmentserviceworkers.Sincethen,however,thebiggestincreasesinpublic-sectorunionizationhavebeenamongclericalworkers.Between1977and1980,thenumberofunionizedgovernmentworkersinblue-collarandserviceoccupationsincreasedonlyabout1.5percent,whileinthewhite-collaroccupationstheincreasewas20percentandamongclericalworkersinparticular,theincreasewas22percent.

Whataccountsforthisupsurgeinunionizationamongclericalworkers?

First,morewomenhaveenteredtheworkforceinthepastfewyears,andmoreofthemplantoremainworkinguntilretirementage.Consequently,theyareprobablymoreconcernedthantheirpredecessorswereaboutjobsecurityandeconomicbenefits.Also,thewomen'smovementhassucceededinlegitimizingtheeconomicandpoliticalactivismofwomenontheirownbehalf,therebyproducingamorepositiveattitudetowardunions.Theabsenceofanycomparableincreaseinunionizationamongprivate-sectorclericalworkers,however,identifiestheprimarycatalyst-thestructuralchangeinthemultioccupationalpublic-sectorunionsthemselves.Overthepasttwentyyears,theoccupationaldistributionintheseunionshasbeensteadilyshiftingfrompredominantlyblue-collartopredominantlywhite-collar.Becausetherearefarmorewomeninwhite-collarjobs,anincreaseintheproportionoffemalemembershasaccompaniedtheoccupationalshiftandhasalteredunionpolicy-makinginfavoroforganizingwomenandaddressingwomen'sissues.

1.Accordingtothepassage,thepublic-sectorworkerswhoweremostlikelytobelongtounionsin1977were

（A）professionals

（B）managers

（C）clericalworkers

（D）serviceworkers

（E）blue-collarworkers

2.Theauthorcitesunioneffortstoachieveafullyunionizedworkforce（line13-19）inordertoaccountforwhy

（A）politiciansmighttrytoopposepublic-sectorunionorganizing

（B）public-sectorunionshaverecentlyfocusedonorganizingwomen

（C）earlyorganizingeffortsoftenfocusedonareaswheretherewerelargenumbersofworkers

（D）unioneffortswithregardtopublic-sectorclericalworkersincreaseddramaticallyafter1975

（E）unionssometimestriedtoorganizeworkersregardlessoftheworkers'initialinterestinunionization

3.Theauthor'sclaimthat,sincethemid-1970's,anewstrategyhasemergedintheunionizationofpublicsectorclericalworkerswouldbestrengthenediftheauthor

（A）describedmorefullytheattitudesofclericalworkerstowardlaborunions

（B）comparedtheorganizingstrategiesemployedbyprivate-sectorunionswiththoseofpublic-sectorunions

（C）explainedwhypoliticiansandadministratorsometimesopposeunionizationofclericalworkers

（D）indicatedthatthenumberofunionizedpublic-sectorclericalworkerswasincreasingevenbeforethemid-1970's

（E）showedthatthefactorsthatfavoredunionizationdrivesamongtheseworkerspriorto1975havedecreasedinimportance

4.Accordingtothepassage,intheperiodpriorto1975,eachofthefollowingconsiderationshelpeddeterminewhetheraunionwouldattempttoorganizeacertaingroupofclericalworkersEXCEPT

（A）thenumberofclericalworkersinthatgroup

（B）thenumberofwomenamongtheclericalworkersinthatgroup

（C）whethertheclericalworkersinthatareawereconcentratedinoneworkplaceorscatteredoverseveralworkplaces

（D）thedegreetowhichtheclericalworkersinthatgroupwereinterestedinunionization

（E）whetheralltheotherworkersinthesamejuriesdictionasthatgroupofclericalworkerswereunionized

5.Theauthorstatesthatwhichofthefollowingisaconsequenceofthewomen'smovementofrecentyears?

（A）Anincreaseinthenumberofwomenenteringtheworkforce

（B）Astructuralchangeinmultioccupationalpublic-sectorunions

（C）Amorepositiveattitudeonthepartofwomentowardunions

（D）Anincreaseintheproportionofclericalworkersthatarewomen

（E）Anincreaseinthenumberofwomeninadministrativepositions

6.Themainconcernofthepassageisto

（A）advocateparticularstrategiesforfutureeffortstoorganizecertainworkersintolaborunions

（B）explaindifferencesintheunionizedproportionsofvariousgroupsofpublic-sectorworkers

（C）evaluatetheeffectivenessofcertainkindsoflaborunionsthatrepresentpublic-sectorworkers

（D）analyzedandexplainanincreaseinunionizationamongacertaincategoryofworkers

（E）describeanddistinguishstrategiesappropriatetoorganizingdifferentcategoriesofworkers

7.Theauthorimpliesthatiftheincreaseinthenumberofwomenintheworkforceandtheimpactofthewomen'smovementwerethemaincausesoftheriseinunionizationofpublic-sectorclericalworkers,then

（A）morewomenwouldholdadministrativepositionsinunions

（B）morewomenwhoholdpoliticalofficeswouldhavepositiveattitudestowardlaborunions

（C）therewouldbeanequivalentriseinunionizationofprivate-sectorclericalworkers

（D）unionswouldhaveshownmoreinterestthanthehaveinorganizingwomen

（E）theincreaseinthenumberofunionizedpublic-sectorclericalworkerswouldhavebeengreaterthanithasbeen

8.Theauthorsuggeststhatitwouldbedisadvantageoustoaunionif

（A）manyworkersinthelocalitywerenotunionized

（B）theunioncontributedtopoliticalcampaigns

（C）theunionincludedonlypublic-sectorworkers

（D）theunionincludedworkersfromseveraljurisdictions

（E）theunionincludedmembersfromonlyafewoccupations

9.Theauthorimpliesthat,incomparisonwithworkingwomentoday,womenworkingintheyearspriortothemid-1970'sshowedagreatertendencyto

（A）prefersmallerworkplaces

（B）expressapositiveattitudetowardlaborunions

（C）maximizejobsecurityandeconomicbenefits

（D）sidewithadministratorsinlabordisputes

（E）quitworkingpriorofretirementage

Passage2

BetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturiesA.D.,theByzantineEmpirestagedanalmostunparalleled

economicandculturalrevival,arecoverythatisallthemorestrikingbecauseitfollowedalongperiodofsevere

（5）internaldecline.Bytheearlyeighthcentury,theempirehadlostroughlytwo-thirdsoftheterritoryithad

possessedintheyear600,anditsremainingareawasbeingraidedbyArabsandBulgarians,whoattimesthreatenedtotakeConstantinopleandextinguishthe

（10）empirealtogether.Thewealthofthestateanditssubjectswasgreatlydiminished,andartisticandliteraryproductionhadvirtuallyceased.Bytheearlyeleventhcentury,however,theempirehadregainedalmosthalfofitslostpossessions,itsnewfrontiersweresecure,andits

（15）influenceextendedfarbeyonditsborders.Theeconomy

hadrecovered,thetreasurywasfull,andartandscho-

larshiphadadvanced.

ToconsidertheByzantinemilitary,cultural,and

economicadvancesasdifferentiatedaspectsofasingle

（20）phenomenonisreasonable.Afterall,thesethreeforms

ofprogresshavegonetogetherinanumberofstatesand

civilizations.RomeunderAugustusandfifth-century

Athensprovidethemostobviousexamplesinantiquity.

Moreover,anexaminationoftheapparentsequential

（25）connectionsamongmilitary,economic,andcultural

formsofprogressmighthelpexplainthedynamicsof

historicalchange.

Thecommonexplanationoftheseapparentconn-

ectionsinthecaseofByzantiumwouldrunlikethis:

（30）whentheempirehadturnedbackenemyraidsonits

ownterritoryandhadbeguntoraidandconquerenemy

territory,Byzantineresourcesnaturallyexpandedand

moremoneybecameavailabletopatronizeartandlit-

erature.Therefore,Byzantinemilitaryachievementsledto

（35）economicadvances,whichinturnledtoculturalrevival.

Nodoubtthishypotheticalpatterndidapplyattimes

duringthecourseoftherecovery.Yetitisnotclearthat

militaryadvancesinvariablycamefirst,economic

advancessecond,andintellectualadvancesthird.Inthe

（40）860’stheByzantineEmpirebegantorecoverfromArab

incursionssothatby872themilitarybalancewiththe

AbbasidCaliphatehadbeenpermanentlyalteredinthe

empire’sfavor.Thebeginningoftheempire’seconomic

revival,however,canbeplacedbetween810and830

（45）Finally,theByzantinerevivaloflearningappearsto

havebegunevenear