定语及定语从句推荐文档.docx

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定语及定语从句推荐文档.docx

定语及定语从句推荐文档

定语及定语从句

定语

句子中修饰名词或代词的成分叫做定语。

定语可以由形容词,名词,不定式,分词,动名词或从句来充当。

eg:

Sheisabeautifulgirl.(形容词)

ImetsomeonefunnyonmywaytoBeijing.(形容词)(修饰不定代词的定语后置)

HeisanEnglishteacher.(名词)

(名词作定语时一般用单数,例外的有sports,女0asportsstar)

Ihavealotofworktodo.(不定式)

Thebookwrittenbyaschoolboyisverypopularnow.(过去分词短语)

Wecanseetherisingsun.(现在分词)=thesunisrising

Heisinthereadingroom.(动名词)=theroomforreading

TheboywhobrokethewindowisTom'sbrothe(.(从句)

something,anything.

注意:

1.形容词作定语一般放在所修饰的词前面;但当形容词修饰的是

everything,nothing,someone,everyone,everybody,somewhere等不定代词时,要放在这些词的后面。

present(在场的),absent(缺席的)作定语时需要后置。

studentspresent/absent

2.不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。

3分词作定语时,即可放在所修饰词前,也可放在所修饰词后

Heisaretiredworker.他是位退休的工人

2)分词后置分词在以下情况,放在所修饰词的后面

i.

分词词组;Therewasagirlsittingthere.有个女孩坐在那里

 

Thereisnothinginteresting.没有有趣的东西

过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。

Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.

=MostofthepeoplewhowereinvitedtothepartywerefromSouthAfrica

二,定语从句(AttributiveClauses)

出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。

关系代词有:

who,whom,whose,that,which等。

关系畐y词有:

when,where,why等。

IlikethebooksthatarewrittenbyMr.Green.

先行词关系词

关系词通常有三个作用:

引导定语从句,指代先行词,在定语从句中充当句子成分。

关系词类别

关系词

先行词

充当从句中的句子成分

关系代词

who

主,宾,表

whom

which

主,宾,表

that

人或物

主,宾,表

as

人或物

主,宾,表

whose

人或物

关系副词

where

地点

when

时间

why

reason

Anyonewhobreaksthelawwillsurelybepunished.

1.先行词指人时,定语从句的引导词:

(1)指人时,who和that都可以使用.

who.

(2)who和whom都可以作定语从句宾语,但从句中的介词提前时,不能用

Heisthemanwho/whomItalkedtoyouabout

=HeisthemanaboutwhomItalkedtoyou.

3)先行词是人时,只用who,不用或少用that的情况:

a.当先行词是one,ones,anyone时,引导定语从句的关系词一般只用who,不用that

如果先行词是someone,也可用that

Heisnotonewhoiseasilyfrightened.

IthinkJoeistheonewhoborrowedmypeo.

 

Anyonewhosawtheaccidentshouldphonethepolice.

Someonewho/thatclaimstobeyourunclewantstoseeyou.

b.先行词是those时,关系代词一般用who不用that

who来引导

Thosewhodon'twishtogoneneodtgo.

c.Therebe句型中,修饰人的定语从句的关系代词一般只用

Thereisacertainoldmaninthevillagewhononeofuslikes.

 

Themanthatistalkingwithourteacheristheprofessorwhogaveusa

reportyesterday.

who

e.当定语从句与先行词较远时,引导定语从句的关系代词一般只用

Icameacrossmyfirstteacherinthestoreyesterdaywhowasstill

beautiful.

f非限定性定语从句只用who来引导,不用that

Hehasason,whoisadoctor.

Whoisthegirlthatsaidhellotoyoujustnow?

Theyoftertalkaboutthepersonandthingsthattheyremember.

He'shcanged.Heisnotthemanthathewas.

ThisisthemostbeautifulladythatIhaveevermet.

e.

当先行词是other时,定语从句只用that引导。

Youcanasktheoldmanoranyotherthatwasthereatthetime.

2.先行词是物时that和which一般可以互换使用,但有时不可换用。

1)下列场合一般用that:

a.先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,theone,none等不定代词

Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.

ThelittlethatIhaveseenofhisworkissatisfactory.

some,very等词修饰

ThefirstbookthatIboughtinthisbookstoreisadictionary.

ThelastpersonthatItalkedwithinLondonismygirlfriend

ThebestteacherthatIhaveevermethasgoneabroad

Youcantakeanyseatthatisvacant.

c.先行词有两个:

一个指人,另一个指物

Imissallthepeopleandplacesthatwevisitedlastsummer

d.主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句。

e.Therebe句型中,

Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisfree.

f.先行词为数词时

Threebuildingshavebeencompleted,buttherearetwothatarestill

underconstruction.

2)下列场合不能用that

a.在非限定性定语从句中,即逗号后的定语从句不用

that引导,指人时用who或whom,

物时用which.

b.在“介词+关系代词”结构中不用that,指人时用

whom,指物时用which.

Thisisthebookaboutwhichwearetalking.

c.先行词为that,those时,关系词用which指物,

who指人

 

What'sthatwhichyouhavegotinyourhand?

d.两个定语从句,一个用了that,另一个则用which.

LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.

e.关系代词后有插入语时,只用which

HerearesomestampswhichTthink-youcantakeaway.

3.当关系词在从句中作宾语时,关系词可以省略。

4.当先行词指时间,地点,原因(thereason)时,且关系词在从句中作状语,用when.

where,why

Iwanttovisittheplacewheremymotherwasborn.

=Iwanttovisittheplaceinwhichmymotherwasborn.

IstillremembertheyearswhenIstudiedinthemiddleschool.

=IstillremembertheyearsinwhichIstudiedinthemiddleschool.

Idon'tknowthereasonoyhedidn'tagreewithus.

=Ididn'tknowthereafeanwhichhedidn'tagreewithus.

5.当先行词是theway,并且关系词在从句中作方式状语时,可以用that,inwhich引导,也

省略。

示一段时间,时间"讲时,定语从句用when或at/duringwhich弓I导

'vefailed.

Idon'tliketheway(that/inwhich)hetalkedtohismother.

Icanhardlyrememberhowmanytimes(that)I

I'neverforgetthetimewhen/atwhichwevisitedyourhometown.

6.当先行词family,class,team,army,company等被当作单数时,定语从句中用which,

被当作复数时,用who或whom.

Thefamily,whichisalargeandrichone,waspoor.

Theparty,whoareallchildren,havelosttheirway.

7.当先行词是动物时,定语从句一般用which

Thedog,whichhehadkeptforfiveyears,waskilledbysomeoneyesterday.

B.介词+which/whom引导的定语从句

关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,常常将介词前置于作宾语的关系词前,

IlovethemusicthoLIcandanceto.=IlovethemusictowhichIcandance.

ThemanwhoItalkedtojustnowismybrother.=ThemantowhomItalkedjustnowismybrother.

介词后面的关系词指人时只用whom,不能用who或that;指物时只用which,不能用that.

注意,并非所有情况下介词都可以前移,含有介词的短语动词不可拆开,介词仍需放在动词后面,如:

lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。

介词+which/whom"前还可以用some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词,名词或数词等。

Hissons,bothofwhomlovedmusicverymuch,spentmostoftheirmoneyonCDs.

Thehouse,theroofofwhichisblue,willbeusedasalibrary.

C.非限定性定语从句

非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不密切,去掉定语从句,句子的意思仍然完整,形式上用逗号把主句和从句分开,使用时注意以下几点:

非限定性定语从句不能用that引导

非限定性定语从句中的关系词不能省略。

D.as引导的定语从句的用法

1.as可引导限定性定语从句,用于such…as….,so….as….,thesame….as结构中。

Heboughtmesuchawatchaswasadvertisedinthenewspaper.

注意:

比较thesame…as•和thesame…that

HeboughtmethesamewatchasIlostlastweek.他买了一块和我上星期丢的一样的

表。

(一样,但不是同一个)

HeboughtmethesamewatchthatIlostlastweek.他把我上星期丢的那块表又

买回来了。

(同一个)

或as引

导。

在以下情况下用as引导:

a.从句意思为正如/正像…一样”

b.从句位于句首,构成以下结构:

asiswellknown众所周知asoftenhappens这种情况经常发生

asisoftenthecase情况经常这样asissupposed女0所预料的一样

ashasbeenpointedout如0所指出的ashasbeensaidbefore如0前所说

在下面情况经常用which引导:

主句和从句表示因果关系。

非限定性定语从句是否定意义。

Helostthegame,whichmadeusverydisappointed.

Hegainedabigfortune,whichmeantnothingtohim.

1.分隔定语从句:

定语从句与先行词之间被其他成分分隔开来,这种定语从句叫做分隔

定语从句,此时须注意辨别从句的先行词。

Thedaysaregonewhenwesufferedsomuch

Thebossofthecompany,whosenamewasMr.Joetoldthestory.

2.定语从句的谓语与先行词保持人称和数的一致。

注意:

先行词前有oneof修饰,定语从句的谓语用复数;

 

先行词前有the(only)oneof修饰时,定语从句的谓语用单数。

Timisoneofthestudentswhoaregoingtostudyabroad.(很多学生出国,Tim是其中之

Timisnottheonlyoneofthestudentswhoaregoingtostudyabroad.

Timistheoneofthestudentswhoisgoingtostudyabroad.(学生中只有Tim一个人出

国)

现象:

1)Thegirlwhodancesbeautifullygaveusaperformaneethat

2)

Doyouknowthecomradewhospokejustnow?

3)

Sheisnotthegirlthatshewasthreeyearsago

7)

4)

5)

6)

ThisisthebookthatIboughtlastweek

Ihaveahousewhichfacesthesouth

He'llreadallthebooksthataresoldhere

ThesearesomequestionsthatIwanttoaskyou

概念:

在复合句中修饰名词或代词,充当定语的从句叫定语从句。

定语从

句翻译模式:

“…的”

 

特点:

1)

从句开头的that,which,who,whom等叫引导词,它们的作用

是把从句引导出来.

2)在理论上,从句都有引导词。

3)

常见的定语从句的引导词有that,which,who,who,whose等。

4)引导词其实指代它所说明的名词或代词。

5)

引导词同时又作定语从句的一个成份(主语宾语定语状语)。

6)

定语从句一般紧跟在它所说明的名词或代词(先行词)后面(有

例外情况)。

7)先行词指定语从句说明(修饰)的名词或代词。

引导词的用法:

引导词指代人(先行词是人)的情况(主宾定):

Doyouknowthecomradewhospokejustnow?

Theboythat/whomIlikemostisnotonlytallandhandsomebut

generous.

Thisisthegirlwhosefatherisadriver.

引导词指代物(先行词是物)的情况(主宾定):

Ihaveahousewhichislocatedonthehillside

Thisisthebookthat/whichIboughtlastweek

ThesearesomequestionsthatIwanttoaskyou

 

Iwanttobuythehousewhosewindowsarelargeandred.

引导词作主语的情况:

4)Thehouseswhicharetobebuiltwillbegiventoyoung

workers.

引导词作宾语的情况:

Ihavereadallthebooksthatyougaveme.

ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.

ThatistheverycomputerthatIwanttobuy.

Heisamanwhomweshouldlearnfrom

⑤Iknowthemanwhomyoutalkedto.

引导词作定语的情况:

①Thehousewhosewindowsarebigisnotnewlybuilt.

②Doyouknowthewomanwhosedaughterisill?

引导词作状语的情况:

引导词作介词的宾语的情况:

一、that/who/whom/which的用法:

引导词that可以在定语从句中指代人或事物,充当主语或宾语。

1)Sheisnotthegirlthatshewasthreeyearsago

2)ThisisthebookthatIboughtlastweek

先行词是人,可以用who(主语)或whom(宾语)来代替that;先

行词是物,可以用which来代替that.

1)

1)

Doyouknowthecomradewhospokejustnow?

2)TheTVwhichyouboughtistooold.

练习

'llneverforgetthedayswespenttogetherinthe

mountains.

Thestreetalongtherenotreesisnewlybuilt.

WhichisthedoorbehindMaryishidden?

注意事项2:

(不用which)

1)先行词是下面的单词,或者被下面的单词修饰/说明/限制,不用

which:

all/few/little/much/none/nothing/something/anything

/any/every/no/each/some/any/noneof

2)先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级,不用which

3)

先行词前有theonly/thevery/thesame/thelast,不用which

ThatistheverytypeofcomputersIwanttobuy.

Itisnottheonlydictionaryhehasbought.

补充说明:

下面情况,要用that引导定语从句:

a)先行词既有人又有物

、whose的用法:

指代人或物,在从句中作定语,表示“他/它的”:

Heisusingadeskwhoselegsarenotofthesamelength.

Wealldisliketheboywhosefatherisamanager.

2)

1)

1)Thehousewhosewindowsarebigisn'tnewlybuilt.

HaveyourcalledMrsLiu,whosedaughterwasalsohurtin

theaccident?

3)Canhebethemanwhosecarhasbeenstolen?

三、when/

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