定语及定语从句推荐文档.docx
《定语及定语从句推荐文档.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《定语及定语从句推荐文档.docx(18页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
定语及定语从句推荐文档
定语及定语从句
定语
句子中修饰名词或代词的成分叫做定语。
定语可以由形容词,名词,不定式,分词,动名词或从句来充当。
eg:
Sheisabeautifulgirl.(形容词)
ImetsomeonefunnyonmywaytoBeijing.(形容词)(修饰不定代词的定语后置)
HeisanEnglishteacher.(名词)
(名词作定语时一般用单数,例外的有sports,女0asportsstar)
Ihavealotofworktodo.(不定式)
Thebookwrittenbyaschoolboyisverypopularnow.(过去分词短语)
Wecanseetherisingsun.(现在分词)=thesunisrising
Heisinthereadingroom.(动名词)=theroomforreading
TheboywhobrokethewindowisTom'sbrothe(.(从句)
something,anything.
注意:
1.形容词作定语一般放在所修饰的词前面;但当形容词修饰的是
everything,nothing,someone,everyone,everybody,somewhere等不定代词时,要放在这些词的后面。
present(在场的),absent(缺席的)作定语时需要后置。
studentspresent/absent
2.不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。
3分词作定语时,即可放在所修饰词前,也可放在所修饰词后
Heisaretiredworker.他是位退休的工人
2)分词后置分词在以下情况,放在所修饰词的后面
i.
分词词组;Therewasagirlsittingthere.有个女孩坐在那里
Thereisnothinginteresting.没有有趣的东西
过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.
=MostofthepeoplewhowereinvitedtothepartywerefromSouthAfrica
二,定语从句(AttributiveClauses)
出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:
who,whom,whose,that,which等。
关系畐y词有:
when,where,why等。
IlikethebooksthatarewrittenbyMr.Green.
先行词关系词
关系词通常有三个作用:
引导定语从句,指代先行词,在定语从句中充当句子成分。
关系词类别
关系词
先行词
充当从句中的句子成分
关系代词
who
人
主,宾,表
whom
人
宾
which
物
主,宾,表
that
人或物
主,宾,表
as
人或物
主,宾,表
whose
人或物
定
关系副词
where
地点
状
when
时间
状
why
reason
状
Anyonewhobreaksthelawwillsurelybepunished.
1.先行词指人时,定语从句的引导词:
(1)指人时,who和that都可以使用.
who.
(2)who和whom都可以作定语从句宾语,但从句中的介词提前时,不能用
Heisthemanwho/whomItalkedtoyouabout
=HeisthemanaboutwhomItalkedtoyou.
3)先行词是人时,只用who,不用或少用that的情况:
a.当先行词是one,ones,anyone时,引导定语从句的关系词一般只用who,不用that
如果先行词是someone,也可用that
Heisnotonewhoiseasilyfrightened.
IthinkJoeistheonewhoborrowedmypeo.
Anyonewhosawtheaccidentshouldphonethepolice.
Someonewho/thatclaimstobeyourunclewantstoseeyou.
b.先行词是those时,关系代词一般用who不用that
who来引导
Thosewhodon'twishtogoneneodtgo.
c.Therebe句型中,修饰人的定语从句的关系代词一般只用
Thereisacertainoldmaninthevillagewhononeofuslikes.
Themanthatistalkingwithourteacheristheprofessorwhogaveusa
reportyesterday.
who
e.当定语从句与先行词较远时,引导定语从句的关系代词一般只用
Icameacrossmyfirstteacherinthestoreyesterdaywhowasstill
beautiful.
f非限定性定语从句只用who来引导,不用that
Hehasason,whoisadoctor.
Whoisthegirlthatsaidhellotoyoujustnow?
Theyoftertalkaboutthepersonandthingsthattheyremember.
He'shcanged.Heisnotthemanthathewas.
ThisisthemostbeautifulladythatIhaveevermet.
e.
当先行词是other时,定语从句只用that引导。
Youcanasktheoldmanoranyotherthatwasthereatthetime.
2.先行词是物时that和which一般可以互换使用,但有时不可换用。
1)下列场合一般用that:
a.先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,theone,none等不定代词
Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.
ThelittlethatIhaveseenofhisworkissatisfactory.
some,very等词修饰
ThefirstbookthatIboughtinthisbookstoreisadictionary.
ThelastpersonthatItalkedwithinLondonismygirlfriend
ThebestteacherthatIhaveevermethasgoneabroad
Youcantakeanyseatthatisvacant.
c.先行词有两个:
一个指人,另一个指物
Imissallthepeopleandplacesthatwevisitedlastsummer
d.主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句。
e.Therebe句型中,
Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisfree.
f.先行词为数词时
Threebuildingshavebeencompleted,buttherearetwothatarestill
underconstruction.
2)下列场合不能用that
a.在非限定性定语从句中,即逗号后的定语从句不用
that引导,指人时用who或whom,
物时用which.
b.在“介词+关系代词”结构中不用that,指人时用
whom,指物时用which.
Thisisthebookaboutwhichwearetalking.
c.先行词为that,those时,关系词用which指物,
who指人
What'sthatwhichyouhavegotinyourhand?
d.两个定语从句,一个用了that,另一个则用which.
LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.
e.关系代词后有插入语时,只用which
HerearesomestampswhichTthink-youcantakeaway.
3.当关系词在从句中作宾语时,关系词可以省略。
4.当先行词指时间,地点,原因(thereason)时,且关系词在从句中作状语,用when.
where,why
Iwanttovisittheplacewheremymotherwasborn.
=Iwanttovisittheplaceinwhichmymotherwasborn.
IstillremembertheyearswhenIstudiedinthemiddleschool.
=IstillremembertheyearsinwhichIstudiedinthemiddleschool.
Idon'tknowthereasonoyhedidn'tagreewithus.
=Ididn'tknowthereafeanwhichhedidn'tagreewithus.
5.当先行词是theway,并且关系词在从句中作方式状语时,可以用that,inwhich引导,也
省略。
示一段时间,时间"讲时,定语从句用when或at/duringwhich弓I导
'vefailed.
Idon'tliketheway(that/inwhich)hetalkedtohismother.
Icanhardlyrememberhowmanytimes(that)I
I'neverforgetthetimewhen/atwhichwevisitedyourhometown.
6.当先行词family,class,team,army,company等被当作单数时,定语从句中用which,
被当作复数时,用who或whom.
Thefamily,whichisalargeandrichone,waspoor.
Theparty,whoareallchildren,havelosttheirway.
7.当先行词是动物时,定语从句一般用which
Thedog,whichhehadkeptforfiveyears,waskilledbysomeoneyesterday.
B.介词+which/whom引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,常常将介词前置于作宾语的关系词前,
IlovethemusicthoLIcandanceto.=IlovethemusictowhichIcandance.
ThemanwhoItalkedtojustnowismybrother.=ThemantowhomItalkedjustnowismybrother.
介词后面的关系词指人时只用whom,不能用who或that;指物时只用which,不能用that.
注意,并非所有情况下介词都可以前移,含有介词的短语动词不可拆开,介词仍需放在动词后面,如:
lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。
介词+which/whom"前还可以用some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词,名词或数词等。
Hissons,bothofwhomlovedmusicverymuch,spentmostoftheirmoneyonCDs.
Thehouse,theroofofwhichisblue,willbeusedasalibrary.
C.非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不密切,去掉定语从句,句子的意思仍然完整,形式上用逗号把主句和从句分开,使用时注意以下几点:
非限定性定语从句不能用that引导
非限定性定语从句中的关系词不能省略。
D.as引导的定语从句的用法
1.as可引导限定性定语从句,用于such…as….,so….as….,thesame….as结构中。
Heboughtmesuchawatchaswasadvertisedinthenewspaper.
注意:
比较thesame…as•和thesame…that
HeboughtmethesamewatchasIlostlastweek.他买了一块和我上星期丢的一样的
表。
(一样,但不是同一个)
HeboughtmethesamewatchthatIlostlastweek.他把我上星期丢的那块表又
买回来了。
(同一个)
或as引
导。
在以下情况下用as引导:
a.从句意思为正如/正像…一样”
b.从句位于句首,构成以下结构:
asiswellknown众所周知asoftenhappens这种情况经常发生
asisoftenthecase情况经常这样asissupposed女0所预料的一样
ashasbeenpointedout如0所指出的ashasbeensaidbefore如0前所说
在下面情况经常用which引导:
主句和从句表示因果关系。
非限定性定语从句是否定意义。
Helostthegame,whichmadeusverydisappointed.
Hegainedabigfortune,whichmeantnothingtohim.
1.分隔定语从句:
定语从句与先行词之间被其他成分分隔开来,这种定语从句叫做分隔
定语从句,此时须注意辨别从句的先行词。
Thedaysaregonewhenwesufferedsomuch
Thebossofthecompany,whosenamewasMr.Joetoldthestory.
2.定语从句的谓语与先行词保持人称和数的一致。
注意:
先行词前有oneof修饰,定语从句的谓语用复数;
先行词前有the(only)oneof修饰时,定语从句的谓语用单数。
Timisoneofthestudentswhoaregoingtostudyabroad.(很多学生出国,Tim是其中之
Timisnottheonlyoneofthestudentswhoaregoingtostudyabroad.
Timistheoneofthestudentswhoisgoingtostudyabroad.(学生中只有Tim一个人出
国)
现象:
1)Thegirlwhodancesbeautifullygaveusaperformaneethat
2)
Doyouknowthecomradewhospokejustnow?
3)
Sheisnotthegirlthatshewasthreeyearsago
7)
4)
5)
6)
ThisisthebookthatIboughtlastweek
Ihaveahousewhichfacesthesouth
He'llreadallthebooksthataresoldhere
ThesearesomequestionsthatIwanttoaskyou
概念:
在复合句中修饰名词或代词,充当定语的从句叫定语从句。
定语从
句翻译模式:
“…的”
特点:
1)
从句开头的that,which,who,whom等叫引导词,它们的作用
是把从句引导出来.
2)在理论上,从句都有引导词。
3)
常见的定语从句的引导词有that,which,who,who,whose等。
4)引导词其实指代它所说明的名词或代词。
5)
引导词同时又作定语从句的一个成份(主语宾语定语状语)。
6)
定语从句一般紧跟在它所说明的名词或代词(先行词)后面(有
例外情况)。
7)先行词指定语从句说明(修饰)的名词或代词。
引导词的用法:
引导词指代人(先行词是人)的情况(主宾定):
Doyouknowthecomradewhospokejustnow?
Theboythat/whomIlikemostisnotonlytallandhandsomebut
generous.
Thisisthegirlwhosefatherisadriver.
引导词指代物(先行词是物)的情况(主宾定):
Ihaveahousewhichislocatedonthehillside
Thisisthebookthat/whichIboughtlastweek
ThesearesomequestionsthatIwanttoaskyou
Iwanttobuythehousewhosewindowsarelargeandred.
引导词作主语的情况:
4)Thehouseswhicharetobebuiltwillbegiventoyoung
workers.
引导词作宾语的情况:
Ihavereadallthebooksthatyougaveme.
ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.
ThatistheverycomputerthatIwanttobuy.
Heisamanwhomweshouldlearnfrom
⑤Iknowthemanwhomyoutalkedto.
引导词作定语的情况:
①Thehousewhosewindowsarebigisnotnewlybuilt.
②Doyouknowthewomanwhosedaughterisill?
引导词作状语的情况:
引导词作介词的宾语的情况:
一、that/who/whom/which的用法:
引导词that可以在定语从句中指代人或事物,充当主语或宾语。
1)Sheisnotthegirlthatshewasthreeyearsago
2)ThisisthebookthatIboughtlastweek
先行词是人,可以用who(主语)或whom(宾语)来代替that;先
行词是物,可以用which来代替that.
1)
1)
Doyouknowthecomradewhospokejustnow?
2)TheTVwhichyouboughtistooold.
练习
'llneverforgetthedayswespenttogetherinthe
mountains.
Thestreetalongtherenotreesisnewlybuilt.
WhichisthedoorbehindMaryishidden?
注意事项2:
(不用which)
1)先行词是下面的单词,或者被下面的单词修饰/说明/限制,不用
which:
all/few/little/much/none/nothing/something/anything
/any/every/no/each/some/any/noneof
2)先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级,不用which
3)
先行词前有theonly/thevery/thesame/thelast,不用which
ThatistheverytypeofcomputersIwanttobuy.
Itisnottheonlydictionaryhehasbought.
补充说明:
下面情况,要用that引导定语从句:
a)先行词既有人又有物
、whose的用法:
指代人或物,在从句中作定语,表示“他/它的”:
Heisusingadeskwhoselegsarenotofthesamelength.
Wealldisliketheboywhosefatherisamanager.
2)
1)
1)Thehousewhosewindowsarebigisn'tnewlybuilt.
HaveyourcalledMrsLiu,whosedaughterwasalsohurtin
theaccident?
3)Canhebethemanwhosecarhasbeenstolen?
三、when/