英语语言学复习要点.docx

英语语言学复习要点.docx

《英语语言学复习要点.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语语言学复习要点.docx（17页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

英语语言学复习要点

Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics

1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Togivethebarestdefinitionlanguageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisinstrumentalsocialandconventional.

Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthescienceoflanguageoralternativelyasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itconcernswiththesystematicstudyoflanguageoradisciplinethatdescribesallaspectsoflanguageandformulatestheoriesastohowlanguageworks.

2.Designfeaturesreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Theyarearbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacementetc.

ArbitrarinessreferstoformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaningLanguageisarbitrary.Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsoundsevenwithonomatopoeicwords.

Dualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructure.Theunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.

☺thelowerorthebasiclevel----thesoundunitsorphonemeswhicharemeaningless,butcanbegroupedandregroupedintowords.

☺thehigherlevel----morphemesandwordswhicharemeaningful

CreativityreferstoWordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbeinstantlyunderstoodbypeoplewhohavenevercomeacrossthatusagebefore.

Displacementreferstothefactthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresentrealorimaginedmattersinthepastpresentorfutureorinfarawayplaces.Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjectseventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentintimeandspaceatthemomentofcommunication

3.Jakobson’sclassificationoffunctionsoflanguage.

Jakobson:

InhisarticleLinguisticsandPoetics（1960）definedsixprimaryfactorsofanyspeechevent:

speaker,addressee,context,message,code,contact.

1）.Referentialfunction所指功能2）.Poeticfunction诗学功能3）.Emotivefunction感情功能

4）.Conativefunction意动功能5）.Phaticfunction交感功能6）.Metalingual元语言功能

HuZhuanglin’classificationoffunctionsoflanguageandusesomeexamplestoillustratethem.

1）.Informativefunction信息功能2）.Interpersonalfunction人际功能3）.Performativefunction施为功能4）.Emotivefunction感情功能5）.Phaticcommunion交感性谈话6）.Recreationalfunction娱乐性功能7）.Metalingualfunction元语言功能

4.WhatarethemajordifferencesbetweenSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleandChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?

AccordingtoSaussure,

（1）Langueisabstract,paroleisspecifictothespeakingsituation;

（2）Langueisnotactuallyspokenbyanindividual,paroleisalwaysanaturallyoccurringevent;（3）Langueisrelativelystableandsystematic,paroleisamassofconfusedfacts,thusnotsuitableforsystematicinvestigation.

AccordingtoN.Chomsky,Competenceenablesaspeakertoproduceandunderstandanindefinitenumberofsentencesandtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities;Aspeaker’scompetenceisstablewhilehisperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.Soaspeaker'sperformancedoesnotalwaysmatchorequalhissupposedcompetence;Chomskybelievesthatlinguistsoughttostudycompetence,ratherthanperformance.Inotherwords,theyshoulddiscoverwhatanidealspeakerknowsofhisnativelanguage.

Chapter2SpeechSounds

1.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmittedandreceived.Itisconcernedwiththeactualphysicalarticulation,transmissionandperceptionofspeechsounds.

Phonologyisessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsounds.Itisconcernedwiththeabstractandmentalaspectofthesoundsinlanguage.

Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication

1.

Lips

2.Teeth

3.Teethridge（alveolar）齿龈

4.Hardpalate硬腭

5.Softpalate（velum）软腭

6.Uvula小舌

7.Tipoftongue

8.Bladeoftongue舌面

9.Backoftongue

10.Vocalcords声带

11.Pharyngealcavity咽腔

12.Nasalcavity鼻腔

2.Phone（音素）:

thesmallestperceptiblediscreetsegmentofsoundinastreamofspeech.（inthemouth）

Phoneme（音位）：

Asoundwhichiscapableofdistinguishingonewordoroneshapeofawordfromanotherinagivenlanguageisaphoneme.（inthemind）

allophone（音位变体）:

phonicvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophoneofthesamephoneme.

//=phoneme[]=phone{}=setofallophones

IPA:

theabbreviationofInternationalPhoneticAlphabet.

Minimalpairs最小对立体

Threerequirementsforidentifyingminimalpairs:

1）differentinmeaning;2）onlyonephonemedifferent;

3）thedifferentphonemesoccurinthesamephoneticenvironment.

e.g.aminimalpair:

pat-fat;lit-lip;phone-tone

minimalset:

pat,mat,bat,fat,cat,hat,etc

3.complementarydistribution互补分布

Phoneticallysimilarsoundsmightberelatedintwoways.

Iftheyaretwodistinctivephonemes,theymightformacontrast;e.g./p/and/b/in[pit]and[bit];

Iftheyareallophonesofthesamephoneme,thentheydon’tdistinguishmeaning,butcomplementeachotherindistribution,i.e.theyoccurindifferentphoneticcontext

Suprasegmentalfeatures超音段特征

—featuresthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegment,suchasstress（重音），length（音程）,rhythm（节奏），tone（音调），intonation（语调）及juncture（音渡）．

Chapter3Lexicon/Morphology

1.Word

1.1Threesensesof“word”

（1）Aphysicallydefinableunit:

aclusterofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentwopauseorblank.

（2）Wordbothasageneraltermandasaspecificterm.

（3）Agrammaticalunit

1.2Identificationofwords

Somefactorscanhelpusidentifywords:

（1）Stability

（2）Relativeuninterruptibility

（3）Aminimumfreeform

1.3Theclassificationofword

Wordscanbeclassifiedintermsof:

（1）Variablevs.invariablewords（可变词/不可变词）

（2）Grammaticalwordsvs.lexicalwords（语法词/词汇词）

（3）Closed-classwordsvs.open-classwords（封闭词/开放词）

（4）wordclass（词类）

（1）Variablevs.invariablewords（可变词/不可变词）

theformerreferstowordshavinginflectivechanges（屈折变化）whilethelatterreferstowordshavingnosuchendings.

Variablewords:

follow;follows;following;followed

Invariablewords:

since;when;seldom;through;hello

（2）Grammaticalwordsvs.lexicalwords（functionwordsandcontentwords.语法词/词汇词）

Theformerreferstothosewordsexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,suchasconjunctions（连词）,prepositions（介词）,articles（冠词）,andpronouns（代词）;

thelatterreferstowordshavinglexicalmeanings,thosewhichrefertosubstance,actionetc.suchasn.,v.,adj.,andadv..

（3）Closed-classwordsvs.open-classwords（封闭词/开放词）

theformerreferstowordswhosemembershipisfixedorlimited;e.g.pron.,prep.,conj.,article.

thelatterofwhichthemembershipisinfiniteorunlimited.e.g.:

n.,v.,adj.,adv.

（4）wordclass（词类）

Thetraditionallyrecognizedwordclassesare:

noun,pronoun,adjective,verb,adverb,preposition,conjunction,interjection,article,etc.Morewordclasseshavebeenintroducedintogrammar:

particles小品词/语助词（goby,lookfor,comeup）;

auxiliaries助词（can,be,will）;

pro-form替代词（do,so）;

determiners前置词/限定词（all,every,few,plentyof,this）.

2.Theformationofword

2.1Morphology形态学

Definition：

Morphologyisabranchoflinguistics,whichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

Thetwofields（p64）

Inflectionalmorphology:

thestudyofinflections

Derivationalmorphology:

thestudyofword-formation

3.Lexicalchange

3.1Lexicalchangeproper（词本身的变化）

Invention新造词Blending混合词Abbreviation缩合词Acronym首字母缩略词

back-formation逆构词analogicalcreation类比造词Borrowing借词、外来词

definition:

1）Morphology:

Morphologyisabranchoflinguistics,whichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

2）Terminology术语解释

Morpheme:

Thesmallestunitofmeaning,whichcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithout

destroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

Freemorphemes:

morphemeswhichmayconstitutewordsbythemselves．

Boundmorphemes:

morphemeswhichcannotbeusedbythemselves,butmustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwords

Inflectionalmorpheme:

akindofboundmorphemeswhichmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.

Derivationalmorpheme:

akindofboundmorphemes,addedtoexistingformstocreatenewwords.Therearethreekindsaccordingtoposition:

prefix,suffixandinfix.

Chapter4SyntaxFromWordtoText

Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.

EndocentricConstructions:

isonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinablecentreorhead.

ExocentricConstructions:

referstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,thatis,thereisnodefinable“Centre”or“Head”insidethegroup

Category:

referstothedefiningpropertiesofthesegeneralunits:

Categoriesofthenoun:

number,gender,caseandcountability

Categoriesoftheverb:

tense,aspect,voice

threekindsofsyntacticrelations:

relationsofposition　位置关系

Positionalrelation,orWORDORDER,referstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.

relationsofsubstitutability可替代性关系

TheRelationofSubstitutabilityreferstoclassesorsetsof