考研英语基础阅读陈正康.docx

考研英语基础阅读陈正康.docx

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考研英语基础阅读陈正康

2016考研英语阅读基础班讲义

（适合英语一及英语二考生）

陈正康博士编讲

1994Passage2

OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhotels,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenabroad,andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofus,the"cashlesssociety"isnotonthehorizon—it'salreadyhere.

Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords,includingwhosoldwhat,when,andtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons.Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow,whichtodevelopforthefuture,andwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstock,ofrawmaterialsonhand,andevenoftheproductionprocessitself.

Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.

55.Accordingtothepassage,thecreditcardenablesitsownerto________.

　　[A]withdrawasmuchmoneyfromthebankashewishes

　　[B]obtainmoreconvenientservicesthanotherpeopledo

　　[C]enjoygreatertrustfromthestorekeeper

　　[D]cashmoneywhereverhewishesto

56.Fromthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphwelearnthat________.

　　[A]inthefuturealltheAmericanswillusecreditcards

　　[B]creditcardsaremainlyusedintheUnitedStatetoday

　　[C]nowadaysmanyAmericansdonotpayincash

　　[D]itisnowmoreconvenienttousecreditcardsthanbefore

57.Thephrase"ringupsales"（line2,paragraph2）mostprobablymeans"________".

　　[A]makeanorderofgoods

　　[B]recordbasicsalesonacashregister

　　[C]callthesalesmanager

　　[D]keeptrackofthegoodsinstock

58.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?

[A]Approachestothecommercialuseofcomputers.

[B]Conveniencesbroughtaboutbycomputersinbusiness.

[C]Significanceofautomationincommercialenterprises.

[D]Advantagesofcreditcardsinbusiness.

1995text4

Personalityistoalargeextentinherent—A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparents,itislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren.

　OneplacewherechildrensoakupAcharacteristicsisschool,whichis,byitsverynature,ahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe"winatallcosts"moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:

rememberthatPheidippides,thefirstmarathonrunner,droppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:

"Rejoice,weconquer!

"

Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionable,butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful.

Obviously,itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoB's.Theworldneedstypes,andschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild'spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement.

Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessened,moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B'sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged.

63.Accordingtothepassage,A-typeindividualsareusually________.

　　[A]impatient

　　[B]considerate

　　[C]aggressive

　　[D]agreeable

64.Theauthorisstronglyopposedtothepracticeofexaminationsatschoolsbecause________.

　　[A]thepressureistoogreatonthestudents

　　[B]somestudentsareboundtofail

　　[C]failureratesaretoohigh

[D]theresultsofexaminationsaredoubtful

65.Theselectionofmedicalprofessionalsiscurrentlybasedon________.

　　[A]candidates'sensitivity

　　[B]academicachievements

　　[C]competitivespirit

　　[D]surervalues

66.Fromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusionthat________.

　　[A]thepersonalityofachildiswellestablishedatbirth

　　[B]familyinfluencedominatestheshapingofone'scharacteristics

　　[C]thedevelopmentofone'spersonalityisduetomultiplefactors

　　[D]B-typecharacteristicscanfindnoplaceinacompetitivesociety

1997text1

Itwas3:

45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia'sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.AlmostimmediatelywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup'son-lineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofsess:

"Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn'tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It'sworldhistory."

Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIlllawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia—whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpart—otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretheright-to-diemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.

UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath—probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill—toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctors.Aftera"coolingoff"periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:

aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition."I'mnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI'dgo,becauseI'vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmasks,"hesays.

51.Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat________.

　　[A]theobjectiontoeuthanasiaisslowtocomeinothercountries

　　[B]physiciansandcitizenssharethesameviewoneuthanasia

　　[C]changingtechnologyischieflyresponsibleforthehastypassageofthelaw

[D]ittakestimetorealizethesignificanceofthelaw'spassage

52.Whentheauthorsaysthatobserversarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling,hemeans________.

　　[A]observersaretakingawait-and-seeattitudetowardsthefutureofeuthanasia

　　[B]similarbillsarelikelytobepassedintheUS,Canadaandothercountries

　　[C]observersarewaitingtoseetheresultofthegameofdominoes

　　[D]theeffect-takingprocessofthepassedbillmayfinallycometoastop

53.WhenLloydNicksondies,hewill________.

　　[A]facehisdeathwithcalmcharacteristicofeuthanasia

　　[B]experiencethesufferingofalungcancerpatient

　　[C]haveanintensefearofterriblesuffering

　　[D]undergoacoolingoffperiodofsevendays

54.Theauthor'sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof________.

　　[A]opposition

　　[B]suspicion

　　[C]approval

　　[D]indifference

1997Passage5

Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas"steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding"or"atouchonthebrakes",makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelong,variablelagsbeforepolicychangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheanalogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicytodrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreen,acrackedrearviewmirrorandafaultysteeringwheel.

Givenallthesedisadvantages,centralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyear,closetoitslowestlevelin30years,beforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.Thisisalongwaybelowthedoubl