Lesson 3 Book 4.docx

Lesson 3 Book 4.docx

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Lesson3Book4

ContemporaryCollegeEnglish

Book4

Lesson3WhyHistoriansDisagree

I.LanguageStudy

（I）WordStudy

1.assumptionn.somethingthatyouthinkistruealthoughyouhavenodefiniteproof

Whenhistoriansandanthropologistsfirstbegantoinvestigatetheissueofpre-patriarchalculturestheymadetwoassumptions.

Whilethecriticismsvary,theunderlyingassumptionisthatoveralleconomicgrowthhasbeenspeedingup.

Wordformations

a.assumable

v.assume

2.contemplatev.a.tohaveinviewasapurpose,intention

Haveyouevercontemplatedcommittingsuicide?

Secondly,weshallneedtocontemplatethevariousoptionsavailablefordisposingofthecompany’sproperties.

Wordformations

consider

thinkabout/of

toywiththeideaof:

漫不经心地考虑

I’vebeentoyingwiththeideaofmovingabroad.

b.tolookat（withtheeyes,orinthemind）

Shestoodcontemplatingherfigureinthemirror.

Hecontemplatedherwithafaintsmile.

Wordformations

contemplativeadj.

contemplationn.

3.contendv.a.tostruggle,tobeinrivalry

b.toargue,toassert

Iknowthecharmsofmyrivalaretoopowerfulformetocontendwith.

Threearmedgroupsarecontendingforpower.

Someastronomerscontendthattheuniversemaybeyoungerthanpreviouslythought.

4.crudeadj.a.notfinishedproperly;badlyworkedout

crudeschemes;

acrudeshelter

crudeideas

b.（ofmaterials）inanaturalstate,notrefinedormanufactured

crudeoil/sugar

crudeore

c.nothavinggrace,tasteorrefinement

cruderemarks

crudemanners

5.eliminatev.a.tocompletelygetridofsomethingthatisunnecessaryorunwanted

b.todefeatateamorpersoninacompetition,sothattheynolongertakepartinit

c.tokillsomeoneinordertopreventthemfromcausingtrouble

Thecreditcardeliminatestheneedforcashorcheques.

Ourteamwaseliminatedinthefirstround.

Thedictatoreliminatedanyonewhomightbeathreattohim.

Synonyms

getridof,abolish,scrap,doawaywith,rootout

eradicate

6.elusivea.a.（ofaperson）difficulttofindorsee

b.（ofresult）difficulttoachieve

c.（ofideaorquality）difficulttodescribeorunderstand

Shemanagedtogetaninterviewwiththatelusiveman.

Sheenjoysafirmreputationinthiscountrybutwiderinternationalsuccesshasbeenelusive.

Forme,thepoemhasanelusivequality.

Wordformations

elusivelyad.elusivenessn.eludev.

7.emergev.a.toappearorcomeoutfromsomewhere

b.（offacts,ideas）toappear;tobecomeknown

c.tocomeoutofadifficultexperience

Themoonemergedfrombehindtheclouds.

Newevidencehasemergedtocontradictearlierclaims.

Localgovernmenthasrecentlyemergedasamajorissue.

Sheemergedfromthedivorceastrongerperson.

Wordformations

emergencen.emergenta.

8.immersev.a.toputsth.underthesurfaceofaliquid

b.toinvolveoneselfdeeply（insth.）

Heimmersedtheknifeinboilingwater.

Immersetheclothinthedyefor20minutes.

IwalkedintothestudyandfoundMr.Johnsonimmersedinhiswriting,asusual.

WhenAlfredinheritedhisfather’sestate,heimmersedhimselfinpleasure.

Synonyms

beengrossedin

bewrappedupin

beabsorbedin

preoccupied

9.presumablyadv.usedtosaythatyouthinksomethingisprobablytrue

Presumablythere’sagoodreasonforherabsence,asshedoesn’tusuallystayawayfromwork.

Fewwomen,presumably,wouldwanttoreturntotheassumptionsonwhichtheoldsystemwasbased.

Wordformations

presumablea.

presumptionn.

presumev.

10.questn.alongsearchforsomethingthatisdifficulttofind

Attheirroots,bothquestsoriginatedoutofhumaninquisitiveness.

Worldleadersarenowunitedintheirquestforpeace.

Foreignpowershadlongpenetratedtheareainquestofwealthorinfluence,ortocounterthelustsoftheiradversaries.

11.resolvev/n.a.tosolveorsettleaproblemordifficulty

b.tomakeadefinitedecisiontodosth.

Congressmencalledforathirdmeetingtoresolvetheconflict.

IresolvedtokeepquietaboutwhatIhadheard,sinceitwouldonlycausetrouble.

Sheresolvedthatifhecouldn’tfindthenecessarycourage,shewould.

12.restricteda.a.smallorlimitedinsize,area,oramount

b.limitedorcontrolled,especiallybylawsorrules

It’sdifficulttryingtoworkinsucharestrictedspace.

Thesaleofalcoholisrestrictedtopeopleovertheageof18.

Thereisrestrictedaccesstothisinformation（=onlycertainpeoplecanhaveit）.

Wordformations

restrictv.restrictionn.restrictivea.

13.self-evidenta.clearlytrueandneedingnomoreproof

Thefactsinthiscaseareself-evidentandcannotbedenied.

Eventheprincipleofdemocracy,whichseemsself-evidentintheWestischallengedelsewhere.

Itisself-evidentthatchildhoodexperiencesinfluenceouradultbehaviour.

Synonyms

unmistakable

obvious

speakforitself

youcan’tmissit

14.subtletyn.a.thequalitythatsth.haswhenithasbeendoneinacleverorskilfulway,withcarefulattentiontosmalldetails

b.athought,anidea,oradetailthatisimportantbutdifficulttonoticeorunderstand

Shearguedhercasewithconsiderablesubtlety.

Someofthesubtletiesofthelanguagearelostintranslation.

Toappreciateallofthisbeautyreliesuponyournoticingitssubtleties.

Wordformations

Subtleasubtlyad.

15.validity

Iwouldquestionthevalidityofthatstatement.

Lawyersarequestioningthevalidityofthecity’snewtelecomcontract.

Youdon’tknowenoughaboutthesubjecttoquestionthevalidityofmystatements.

Wordformations

valida.invalidan.validatev.

（II）PhrasesandExpressions

1.at（the）best:

takingthemosthopefulview持最乐观的看法；充其量

Yourmother,asthephysicianhasinformedyou,isinamostcriticalcondition;at（the）bestshecannotbewithuslongerthanafewweeks.

Thecitywasat（the）bestanordinarysortofplace.

Hisanswerswereatbestevasive,atworstverymisleading.

cf.

atits/his…best

atits/his/their…best:

inthebestcondition

ThegardenisatitsbestinApril.处于最佳状态；

Hewasathisbestyesterdayeveningandkeptusallamused.处于巅峰状态；

Everyyear,whenthepeachblossomsareattheirbest,afestivalisheldattheBeijingBotanicalGarden.在全盛期中

2.berelevantto:

berelatingto,beconnectedwith

Whatexperiencedoyouhavethatisrelevanttothisposition?

Kidshavetounderstandhowschoolisrelevanttotheirlives.

Theseissuesaredirectlyrelevanttotheneedsofslowlearners.

3.bedestinedto:

seemingcertaintohappenatsometimeinthefuture

Weweredestinednevertomeetagain.

Shewasnotdestinedtobeagreatpainterbutshehadtheconfidenceandlucktobeasuccessfulone.

Atfirsttheirpredictionsseemeddestinedtocometrue.

Similarexpressions

beassuredof

it’sinthebag不成问题，如探囊取物

it’sasafebet

it’sasurething

4.cannothelpbutdo:

usedtosaythatsomeoneisunabletochangetheirbehaviourorfeelings,ortopreventthemselvesfromdoingsomething

Leecouldnothelpbutagreewithher.

Icouldn’thelpbutnoticethebruiseshehadunderhereye.

Similarexpressions

can’thelpdoing

cannotbutdo不得不；只好…

Icouldnotbutadmitthathewasright.

5.concernoneselfwith:

tobecomeinvolvedinsth.becauseyouareinterestedinitorbecauseitworriesyou

Helovedhiswife,andconcernedhimselfwithherneedsanddesires.

ForseveralweeksIdidnotconcernmyselfwithanythoughtofthefuture.

Ourcountry’sleadersmustconcernthemselveswithenvironmentalprotection.

6.froma…perspective:

lookingatsth.fromacertainangle

Thenoveliswrittenfromachild’sperspective.

Wehavetolookateverythingfromaninternationalperspective.

Ifyoulookatthingsfromafeministperspectivetheyare,infact,notequal.

fromafeminist/Christian/globalperspective

7..intheeventof:

usedtotellpeoplewhattheyshoulddoifsomethinghappens

Itoffersvitalfinancialcoverintheeventofyoubeingpermanentlydisabledinanaccident.

Thecountriesinvolvedhavepledgedtooffermutualassistanceintheeventofaspill.

Waysofsaying“if”

8.readof:

tofindoutinformationfrombooks,newspapersetc读到，阅悉

IwasshockedwhenIreadofhisdeath.

“read”phrases

readas把······错误地当作

readoff宣读，很快地读出；读完

readout宣布开除；朗诵；宣读

readsb.alesson/lecture训斥某人

readthrough/over从头到尾细读一遍

readup攻读；熟读

readsb.’smind/thoughts看出某人的心思

readbetweenthelines体会字里行间的言外之意

9.piecetogether:

tousealltheinformationyouhaveaboutasituationinordertodiscoverthetruthaboutit装配，拼合

Policearetryingtopiecetogetherhismovementsbeforethemurder.

Herearlylifehasbeenpiecedtogetherfromseveraldifferentsources.

10.stemfrom:

todevelopasaresultofsomethingelse

Hisheadachesstemmedfromvisionproblems.

Italsotriestosaythatwomen’sproblemsstemfromeithertheirsexualityorthefamily.

Muchofthefrictionstemmedfromadebateaboutwhichtechnologytouse.

Similarexpressions

arisefrom

resultfrom

be/asaresultof

betheproductof

come（out）of

consequent

11.take…intoaccount/takeaccountofsth.:

take…intoconsideration

Thesefiguresdonottakeintoaccountthechangesintherateofinflation.

Avaluationofasmallercompanymusttakeaccountofitspotentialasatakeovertarget.

“account”phrases

openanaccount开户头

settleone’saccount结清欠帐，（喻）报复

giveanaccountof描述，叙述

accountfor解释；说明；占百分比

onone’saccount为一己的目的和利益

onthis/thataccount为了这个/那个缘故

onnoaccount决不；切莫

takenoaccountof对某事物不予考虑

12.tosb.’sdisadvantage:

givingsomeoneadisadvantage

Herheightwillbeverymuchtoherdisadvantageifshewantstobeadancer.

“disadvantage”phrases

beatadisadvanta