英文专业辞汇学考试温习资料.docx
《英文专业辞汇学考试温习资料.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英文专业辞汇学考试温习资料.docx(29页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
英文专业辞汇学考试温习资料
Chapter1TheBasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary
一、TheDefinitionofaWord
Lexicologyfocusesonthestudyofmeaningsandoriginsofwords.
Accordingtosemanticists(语义学家),awordisaunitofmeaning.
Awordisaminimal(最小的)freeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaning
andsyntacticfunction(句法功能).
二、 Vocabulary
Allthewordsinalanguagemakeupwhatisgenerallyknownasitsvocabulary.
3、 SoundandMeaning
Therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningisnologic
4、 SoundandForm
TherewasmoreagreementbetweensoundandforminOldEnglishthaninModernEnglish.
Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesarosebetweensoundand
form.
五、 ClassificationofWords
No.
Classification
Example
Notes
1
By
usefrequency
BasicWordStock
(基本词汇)
Thebasicwordstockformsthecommoncore(共合)ofthelanguage.
Pronouns(代词)andnumeralsaresemanticallymonosemous(单一的)andfairlylimitedintherespectofproductivity(多产性)andcollocability(搭配性).
Themostimportantfeatureofthebasicwordstockisallnationalcharacter.
NonbasicVocabulary
Archaisms(古词语):
thou
Neologisms(新词):
AIDS
Argot(黑话):
persuader(meansdagger)
TechnicalTerms
2
Bynotion
(有无实义)
ContentWords(实义词)
FunctionalWords
3
ByOrigin
NativeWords
BorrowedWords
Denizens(同代词):
port、shirt
Aliens(非同代词):
décor
TranslationLoans(译借词):
lama(喇嘛)
4
ByMorphology
(形态)
SimpleWords
CompoundsandDerivedWords
六、简答
(1)、Whatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?
Giveexamplestoillustrateit.
Therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningisarbitraryandconventional.Indifferent
languages,thesameconceptcanbeshownbydifferentsounds.“Woman”,forexample,
becomes“Frau”inGerman,“Femme”inFrenchand“funv”inChinese.Ontheother
hand,thesamesound[mi:
t]isusedtomean“meet,meat,mete”,denotingdifferent
things.
(2)、Whatarethefourmajorreasonsforthedifferencesbetweensoundandform?
Thefirstreason(heinternalreason)isthattherearemorephonemes(音素)thanletters
inEnglish.Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythan
spellingovertheyears.Thethirdreasonsthatsomeofthedifferencesmorecreatedby
theearlyscribes.Thefourthreasonistheborrowing.
(3)、Howarewordsclassifiedinthecoursebook?
Wordscanbeclassifiedbydifferentcriteriaandfordifferentpurposes.Wordsmayfall
into:
thebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularybyusefrequency;contentwordsand
functionalwordsbynotion;nativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin;simplewords,
compoundsandderivedwordsbymorphology.
(4)、Whatisthedifferencebetweendenizensandaliens?
Denizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilated(完全同化)
intotheEnglishlanguage.Butaliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheir
originalpronunciationandspelling.Thesewordsareimmediatelyrecognizableasforeign
inorigin.
Chapter2TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary
一、TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily
TheprehistoricIndo-Europeanparentlanguage,thoughttobeahighlyinflected(内部曲折
语)language.
Group
Classification
Including
EasterSet
(东支)
Balto-Slavic
Prussian、Lithuanina(立陶宛语)、Czech(捷克语)
Indo-Iranian
Persian、Bengali(孟加拉)、Hindi、Romany
WesternSet
(西支)
Celtic
Scottish、Irish、Welsh
Hellenic
Greek
Italic
FiveRomancelanguages:
Portuguese、Spanish、French、Italian、Romanian
Germanic
FourNorthernEuropeanLanguages(Scandinavianlanguages):
Norwegian(挪威语)、Icelandic(冰岛语)、Danish、Swedish
German、Dutch(荷兰语)、Flemish(佛兰芒语)、English
二、 ThreePhasesoftheHistoricalDevelopment
ThefirstpeopleswhoinhabitedthelandwereCelts.
ThesecondlanguageknowninEnglishwasLatinoftheRomanLegions.
(1)、OldEnglish(450-1150)
Inthe9thcenturyEnglandwasinvadedbyNorwegianandDanishVikings.
(2)、MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)
TheFrenchinfluenceonEnglishvocabularywasoneofthesignificantpointsofthe
MiddleEnglishperiod.
ThemostimportantfactoftheMiddleEnglishperiodwasthesteadyerosionofthe
inflectionalsystemsofOldEnglish.
(3)、ModernEnglish(1500-present)
IntheearlyperiodofModernEnglish,Europesawanewupsurgeoflearningancient
GreekandRomanclassics.
ItisestimatedthataboutonefourthofmodernEnglishvocabularyhascomefromFrench.
3、 ForeignElementsintheEnglishVocabulary
InearlierstagesofEnglish,Latin,Greek,FrenchandScandinavianwerethefourmajor
contributors.
ThesimultaneousexistenceofFrench,LatinandEnglishlastedforacentury.
4、 ModesofVocabularyDevelopment
ModernEnglishvocabularydevelopsthroughthreechannels:
creation,semanticchange(旧
词新义)andborrowing.
Creationisthemostimportantwayofvocabularyexpansion.
五、简答
WhatarethecharacteristicsofOldEnglish?
OldEnglishalsoknownastheAnglo-Saxon,hasavocabularyofabout50000to
60000words,whicharealmostmonogeneousandentirelyGermanicwithonlya
fewborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavian.OldEnglishwasahighlyinflected
language.Itwasasyntheticlanguage(综合性语言).(ModernEnglishisananalytic
language)
Chapter3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords
一、 Morphemes
TheminimalmeaningfulunitsinEnglishareknownasmorphemes(词素).
二、 ClassifyingMorphemes
No.
Classification
Notes
1
Freemorpheme
Boundmorpheme
(粘着词素)
includetwotypes:
boundrootandaffix
arechieflyfoundinderivedwords
2
Derivationalmorpheme
confinedtosuffixesfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers
Inflectionalmorpheme
(曲折词素)
3
Contentmorpheme
(实义词素)
Onasemanticandsyntacticbasis,morphemescanfallintocontent/lexicalandgrammaticalmorphemes.
Grammaticalmorpheme
3、 Morphs(形素)
Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownas
morphs.
4、 Allomorphs(词素变体)
Anallomorphreferstoamemberofasetofmorphs,whichrepresentonemorpheme.
五、 Affix
No.
Classification
Notes
1
Inflectionalaffixes
accordingtothefunction
Derivationalaffixes
2
prefix
inviewoftheirdistribution(位置)inthewords
Suffixesembracebothderivationalsuffixesandinflectionalsuffixes.
suffix
六、Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossof
identity.
7、 简答
(1)、Whatisthedifferencebetweenfreemorphemesandboundmorphemes?
Freemorphemeswhichhavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfree
grammaticalunitsinsentencesareindependentofothermorphemes,butbound
morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparate.Wordsareboundtoothermorphemes
toformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.
(2)、Whatisthedifferencebetweenderivationalmorphemesandinflectionalmorphemes?
Derivationalmorphemesareusedtoderivenewwords,butinflectionalmorphemesare
employedusedtoindicatethesyntactic(句法)relationshipbetweenwordsandfunction
asgrammaticalmarkers.
Chapter4WordFormatio
Themostproductivewaysofcreatingnewwordsareaffixation,compounding,andconversion.
一、Affixation
Accordingtotheposition:
Classification
Including
Example
Notes
Prefixation
NegativePrefixes
(表示否定)
undemocratic,
disloyal
Generallyspeaking,prefixesdonotchangetheword-classofthebasebutmodifyitsmeaning
Reversative/PrivativePrefixes
(表示逆反)
unlock
Suffixaion
(NounSuffixes)
aDeverbalNounSuffix
(动词变名词)
dismissal,
assistant
aDenominalNounSuffix
(名词变名词)
booklet,hostess
Thewordscreatedbyaddingwordformingorderivationalaffixestobasesarecalled
derivatives.
二、Compounding(复合法)
Example:
workfare(work+welfare)
Inadjective-plus-nouncompounds,theadjectiveelementcannottakeinflectionalsuffixes.
Verbcompoundsarecreatedeitherthoughconversionorthroughback-formation.
3、Conversion(转类法)
Theconversionthattakesplacebetweennounsandverbsisthemostproductive.
Theconversionoftwosyllablenounsintoverbsinvolvesachangeofstress.
Nounsfullyconvertedfromadjectiveshaveallthecharacteristicsofnouns.
4、 Blending(拼缀法)
Theoverwhelmingmajorityofblendsarenouns
5、Back-formation(逆身法)
Back-formationisconsideredtobetheoppositeprocessofsuffixation.
六、简答
(1)、Whatisthemaindifferencebetweenprefixesandsuffixes?
Unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilyeffectasemanticmodificationofthebase,suffixes
haveonlyasmallsemanticrole,theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangesthe
grammaticalfunctionofabase,.thechangeofthewordclasswithaslightmodificationofmeaning.
(2)、Whatarethethreemainfeaturesofcompounds?
Thethreemainfeaturesofcompoundsarephonologicalfeatures,semanticfeaturesand
grammaticalfeatures.Thewordstressofacompoundusuallyoccursonthefirstelement.
Eachcompoundshouldexpressasingleideajustasoneword.Acompoundtendstoplay
asinglegrammaticalroleinasentence.
(3)、Whatisback-formation?
Whatarethecharacteristicsofback-formation?
Back-formationisthemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.
Wordscreatedthroughback-formationareverbs.Stylistically,back-formedwordsare
largelyinformalandsomeofthemhavenotsuccessfullygainedcurrency.
(4)、Whatisacronymy?
Whatisthedifferencebetweeninitialismsandacrnyms?
Acronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofcomposite
namesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorphrasesusedastechnicalterms.Words
formedinthiswayarecalledinitialismsoracronyms.Initialismsarepronouncedletterby
letter,butacronymsarepronouncedasnormalwords
7、论述题
Pointouttheformationofthefollowingwords?
No.
Classification
Including
Example
1
Blendi