Term definition.docx

Term definition.docx

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Termdefinition

一．Termdefinition.

1.internet:

anetworkofcomputersthroughwhichpeoplecangetorexchangemessageswithacomputerandamodemsurfingtheinternet:

lookingforinformationontheinternet.

2.website:

individualsetsofwebpagesthatcanbevisitedwithwebbrowsers

3.email:

messagesthatcomputeruserssendtoeachotherviaamodemandaserverontheinternet

4.cyberspace:

theonlineworldofcomputernetworks,esp.theinternet.信息空间

5.cyberspacecommunity:

agroupofpeoplewithsimilarinterestsandtastescommunicatingamongthemselvesontheinternet信息空间社区

6.realestate:

land,includingthebuildingsorimprovementsonitanditsnaturalassets.房地产

7.pornography:

treatmentofobscenesubjects,esp.sexualperversions,inwriting,pictures,etc.色情作品

8.thaw:

（ofafrozensubstance）toincreaseintemperaturetoabovefreezingpointandsobecomesoftorliquid.融化

9.glacier:

massoficewhichmovesveryslowlydownamountainvalley冰川

10.methane:

anaturalgaswhichisformedfromdecayingmattersburnseasily,sometimescausingexplosionsinmines甲烷,沼气

11.topography:

thesciencedescribingorrepresentingthecharacterofaparticularplaceindetail,esp.asregardstheshapeandheightoftheland,asonamap.地形学

12.aerosol:

asuspensionofcolloidalparticiplesinagasortheair气体中的）浮粒，悬浮微粒

13.emission:

anactofsendingoutsomething（esp.heat,smell,etc.）排放

14.watershed:

theareadrainedbyariversystem;adividingpoint.分水岭

15.evaporation:

theactofchangingintosteamanddisappearing.蒸发

16.adulterant:

aharmfulandinferiorsubstanceaddedtofood,etc.掺杂物

17.contaminated:

polluted,taintedcarcinogen:

anysubstancethatproducecancer

18.allergen:

asubstanceincludingahypersensitivitytoaspecificsubstance（asafood,pollen,etc

19.aliment:

anillness,esp.amildone

20.microbe:

amicroorganism,esp.onecausingdisease

21.synthesize:

tocombineseparateparts,elements,substances,etc.intoawholeorintoasystem.综合，使合成

22.consensus:

commonagreement（ofopinions,etc.）

23.desideratum:

somethingneededorwanted渴望得到的东西

24.compensation:

counterbalance;pay

25.executive:

apersonwhocarriesoutwhathasbeenplannedordecided

26.perk:

（clloq.Usu.Pl.）perquisite;allowance,etc.Giveninadditiontoregularwagesorsalary

27.underling:

apersoninanunimportantpositionunderanotherorothers

28.initiative:

capabilitytoseewhatneedstobedoneandenterpriseenoughtodoit

29.collective:

（of）agrouporsocietyasawhole

30.catalytic:

speedinguporslowingdownachemicalreactionbyaddingasubstancewhichitselfisnotchangedthereby

31.sorbent:

anythingthatabsorbsandadsorbs（吸附）

32.ozone:

apoisonousgaswithastrongsmellthatisaformofoxygen

33.spreadsheet（电子数据表）:

acomputerprogramthatisused,forexample,whendoingfinancialorprojectplanning（Youenterdatainrowsandcolumnsandtheprogramcalculatescosts,etc.fromit.）

34.directive（官方指令）:

anofficialinstructions.

35.combustion（燃烧,氧化）:

achemicalprocessinwhichsubstancescombinewiththeoxygenintheairtoproduceheatandlight.

36.act:

alawthathasbeenpassedbytheparliament

37.megawatt:

aunitformeasuringelectricalpower;onemillionwatts

38.rehabilitation（修复）:

restoringtorank,etc.;puttingbackingoodcondition.

39.uniformity:

conditionofbeingthesamethroughout

40.utopian:

characterizedbyoraspiringtoimpracticableperfection

41.segmentation:

divisionintodifferentparts

42.architecture:

artandscienceofbuilding;designorstylesofbuilding（s）

43.tenant:

apersonwhopaysrentfortheuseofland,abuilding,,aroom,etc

44.alienation:

turningaway（friendship,etc.）,;transferringownershipof（property）

45.pluralistic:

morethanone

46.docking:

thejoiningofanorbitingornavigatingspacecraft

47.payload（有效载荷）:

thecargoofarocket,includingpassengersandinstruments

48.geosynchronous:

orbitingoverafixedpositionabovetheequatorandthereforeatthesamerateastheearthmoves

49.astronaut:

apersontrainedtomakeflightsinspace.

50.module:

adetachable（可拆分的）unitwithaspecialfunction,asinaspacecraft.

51.lunar:

of,onorlikethemoon.

52.rendezvous:

ameetingorameetingplace.

53.orbit:

thepathofaheavenlybodyorspacecraftinitsrevolutionaroundanotherbody

二．Vocabularyincontext.

1.restricts:

limits.

2.extraneous（无关的，不相关的）：

irrelevant.

3.frontiers:

newfields.

4.havens:

refuge.

5.alluring:

tempting.

6.falter:

weaken.衰弱；衰退；衰落

7.dilute:

thinneddown.稀释,冲淡

8.escalating:

increasing.

9.catastrophe:

disaster.

10.presumably:

supposedly.

11.unpasteurized:

unsterilzed未杀菌的

12.adulterant:

addedharmfulsubstances.

13.cramps:

severepains.

14.harbors:

contains.

15.withimpunity:

withoutriskofinjury.

16.mind-set:

atmosphere.

17.perks:

bonusesandextraincome.

18.hierarchy:

gradedranks.

19.ingrained:

firmlyestablished.

20.initiative:

activeness.

21.piloted:

tested.

22.implement:

execute.

23.optimize:

improve.

24.imposed:

inflicted（把····强加于）.

25.certify:

ascertain.（证明）

26.diminished（减少了的）:

lessened.

27.aparadigm:

anexample.

28.conduciveto:

beneficialto

29.incorporate:

merged

30.rehabilitate:

revive

31.propulsion:

propelling

32.orbited:

circled

33.simulated:

imitated

34.consecutive:

successive

35.wreathed:

enveloped

三．Answerquestions.

1.Doestheauthorapproveofregulatingcyberspace?

Whyorwhynot?

Yes,butfirstitisfundamentaltounderstandthenatureofcyberspaceandadoptparticularwaystoregulateit.

2.Howdocyberspacecommunitiesevolve（演变;进化）?

Peopleofsimilarinterestsandtastesformacommunity,whichwillflourishifitprovestobeself-sustaining（自我维持）.

3.What’sthemostimportantdifferencebetweentherulesincyberspaceandthatinterrestrialenvironments?

Incyberspace,communitiesarechosenbytheusers,notforcedbyterrestrialenvironments.Iftheusersdon’tliketherulesofacommunity,theycanjustsignoff.

4.Whatkindofgovernmentdoparticipantsincyberspaceneed?

Theyneedalocalgovernmentoftheirowncommunity.

5.Whatcanbedoneaboutpornographyaccordingtotheauthor?

Thequestionablematerialcanbeavoidedbylabelingbesidesbanning.Also,automaticfilterscanbeusedforthispurpose.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whatiscertainabouthumaninfluenceontheclimateandwhatisnotcertain?

Itiscertainthatthereisadiscernible（看得清的）humaninfluenceonglobalclimate.Itisnotcertainwhattheamountofthatinfluenceis.

2.Whatarethefactorsthatinfluencetheearth’sclimatesystemaccordingtothepassage?

Theycanbesolarinput,theatmosphere,theoceans,thewatercycle,clouds,iceandsnow,landsurfaceandhumaninfluences.

3.Whatarethereasonsforthetemperaturerisesince1970intheworld?

After1970thelongertermeffectofCO2andmethaneoverwhelmedtheshort-livedaerosols,thusleadingtothetemperaturerise.

4.Whyhasthegreatestwarmingbeenobservedbetween40degreesand70degreesnorthlatitudesince1900?

Accordingtothepassage,thisisbecausemuchoftheworld’sindustrialgreenhousegasemissionsoriginatethere.

5.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardtheclimatechangeontheearth?

Theauthorfeelsuncertainwhetherthedisasterscausedbyclimatechangewillhappen.

1.Whatwillhappenifafoodanimalcontainingpathogens（病菌,病原体）isslaughtered?

Ifafoodanimalcontainingpathogensisslaughtered,itsstomachcontentsormanurecantaintmeatduringprocessing.Fruitsandvegetablescanpickupthepathogensifwashedorirrigatedwithwatercontaminatedwithmanureorhumansewage（（下水道里的）污物）

2.Wheredomicrobesstayandmultiply?

Manymicrobescohabitatewithourcells;manyharborintheanimalweraiseforfood;theycanalsohideandmultiplyonsponges,dishtowels,cuttingboards,sinks,knivesandcountertops（水台）

3.Whatsuggestionsaregivenabouteggs?

Keepeggsrefrigerated,cookeggsuntilyolksarefirm,cookfoodscontainingeggsthoroughly.

4.WhatconsequenceswillListeriabringaboutifitgetsintoourfood?

IfListeriagetsintoourfood,itcancauseencephalitis（脑炎）ormeningitis（脑膜炎）inpeoplewithvenerableimmunesystemsand,inpregnantwomen,miscarriageorstillbirth.

5.Whatcanbedonetomakegroundbeefsafetoeat?

Heatgroundbeefuntilit’snolongerpinkandreachesatemperatureof160°F.

1.Whydon’ttheJapanesefranklytellthevisitorsthattheyaredeadwrong?

BecauseJapanesecultureiscollectivistbynature,thatis,groupachievementandharmonycomesbeforeindividualfulfillment.Besides,noonewoulddaretostandoutforanassault（抨击）

2.Howdoindividualisticcultureandcollectivistculturedifferincontrollingthebehaviorofthemembers?

Collectivistculturecontrolsthebehaviorofitsindividualsthroughexternalsanction-shameorexclusionfromthegroup,whileindividualist-orientedculturewillleaveguilttocontrolthebehaviorofitsmembers.

3.Comparethepaceofdecision-makingandimplementingofachangeinpolicyunderindividualistandcollectivistculturesettings.

Decision-makingprocessinindividualistculturemaybemorerapidthanincollectivistculture,whiletheimplementationofachangeinpolicywillbeperceptiblyslowerthanthatincollectivistculture.

4.Howdoesthepower-distanceconnecttocollectivismandindividualism?

Lowpower-distanceculturestendtobemoreindividualisticinnature,whilehighpower-distancetendstobemorecollectivistic.

5.Whatisthedefectofhighpower-distanceculture?

Themanagercanexpectlittlepersonalinitiativefromemployees.

1.Whatdoesthe“metoo”crowdreferto?

Thecopycatcrowd,itreferstothemanufacturerswhoimitateothersslavis