新greargument归类和提纲.docx

新greargument归类和提纲.docx

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新greargument归类和提纲

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题号后面括号里的三项分别是：

题目讨论的题材/结论的性质/主干论证过程。

题目中带下划线的部分为题目背景信息；斜体部分为题目假设；无任何标记部分为一般论据；黑体部分为题目结论。

题目中括号里的数字表明这句话体现的是提纲中第几号缺陷。

题目后面的星星数量表示题目论证难度，星数越多题目越难。

题目后面的数字为论证结构与之类似的其他题目题号，可以参考准备。

提纲中具体缺陷后面括号里斜体缩写表示该缺陷所属的类型，缺陷后面的星号表示该缺陷在本题的严重程度，星数越多缺陷越严重。

题目顺序以新东方写作教程第一章题库顺序为准。

符号索引：

V.D:

vaguedata        I.I:

incompleteinformation     U.C:

unrelatedconcepts       C.S:

changingscopes  

F.A:

falseanalogy     I.C:

incompletecomparison    F.D:

falsedilemma          I.T:

incompletethought          

NCR:

noncausalrelationship         I.E:

insufficientevidence      U.A:

unwarrantedassumption

Adv:

disadv:

failingtoweightheadvantageanddisadvantagethoroughly

P→F/P→C/C→F/C→P:

inferringfuture（current/past）conditionfrompast（current）condition

1（考古/论断/大并列小递进）WovenbasketscharacterizedbyaparticulardistinctivepatternhavepreviouslybeenfoundonlyintheimmediatevicinityoftheprehistoricvillageofPaleaandthereforewerebelievedtohavebeenuniquetothePaleanpeople.Recently,however,archaeologistsdiscoveredsucha"Palean"basketinLithos,anancientvillageacrosstheBrimRiverfromPalea.TheBrimRiverisverydeepandbroad（3）,andsotheancientPaleanscouldonlyhavecrosseditbyboat

（1）,butthereisnoevidencethatthePaleanshadboats.AndboatscapableofcarryinggroupsofpeopleandcargowerenotdevelopeduntilthousandsofyearsafterthePaleanpeopledisappeared.Moreover,Paleanswouldhavehadnoneedtocrosstheriver（5）—thewoodsaroundPaleaarefullofnuts,berries,andsmallgame（4）.Itfollowsthattheso-calledPaleanbasketswerenotuniquetoPalea

（2）.★★★★★33

1.TheauthorfailstoconsiderthepossibilitythatthePaleansmayarrivedinLithosthroughothermeans.（I.T）★★★★

2.ThePaleanbasketcouldarriveotherplacethroughmanypossiblemethodssuchastrade,orboatspossessedbyotherculture.（I.T）★★★★

3.InPaleantimes,theBrimRivermaynotbeasdeepandbroadasitiscurrently.（C→P）★★★

4.ThefactthatthereareabundantresourcescurrentlydoesnotindicatethatthoseresourcesalsoexistedinPaleantimes.（C→P）★★★

5.Otherreasonsotherthanfoodshortagesmaywellresultinthemigrationofaculture.（I.E）★★★

2

3227,（城市，社会/提议/并列）Thefollowingappearedasaneditorialinalocalnewspaper.

"InordertoattractvisitorstoCentralPlazadowntownandtoreturntheplazatoitsformerglory（5）,thecityshouldprohibitskateboardingthereandinsteadallowskateboarderstouseanareainMonroePark

（2）.AtCentralPlaza,skateboardusersareabouttheonlypeopleoneseesnow,andlitteranddefacedpropertyhavemadetheplazaunattractive

（1）.Inarecentsurveyofdowntownmerchants（3）,themajoritysupportedaprohibitiononskateboardingintheplaza.Clearly,banningskateboardinginCentralPlazawillmaketheareaaplacewherepeoplecancongregateforfunorforrelaxation（4,6）."★★★

1.Theauthorunfairlyassumesthatitisthepresenceofskateboardersthatresultinthecurrentsituationoftheplaza.（confusingthecauseandtheeffect）★★★★★

2.TheremaybesomenegativeimpactsofallowingskateboarderstousepartofMonroePark.（adv:

disadv）★★★

3.Thesurveywasbasedonlyondatafromdowntownmerchants,thuscouldnotberepresentativeofallcitizens.（selectivesample）★★★★

4.TheauthorunfairlyassumesthatbanningskateboardinginCentralPlazawouldsufficetomaketheplazaanattractiveplace.（sufficiencyofthesolution）★★★★

5.Theauthorfailstoconsiderotherpossiblemeanstoregaintheplaza’sprosperity.（necessityofthesolution）★★★

6.Skateboardingmayactuallybehelpfulforachievingthecity'sobjectiveofprovidingafunandrelaxingplaceforpeopletocongregate.（adv:

disadv）★★★

4（商业，地产/建议/对比+并列）ThefollowingwaspostedonanInternetrealestatediscussionsite.

"Ofthetwoleadingrealestatefirmsinourtown—AdamsRealtyandFitchRealty—Adamsisclearlysuperior.Adamshas40realestateagents.Incontrast,Fitchhas25,manyofwhomworkonlypart-time（1,2,5）.Moreover,Adams'revenuelastyearwastwiceashighasthatofFitch,andincludedhomesalesthataveraged$168,000,comparedtoFitch's$144,000（3,4,6）.HomeslistedwithAdamssellfasteraswell:

tenyearsago,IlistedmyhomewithFitchandittookmorethanfourmonthstosell;lastyear,whenIsoldanotherhome,IlisteditwithAdams,andittookonlyonemonth（7）.Thus,ifyouwanttosellyourhomequicklyandatagoodprice,youshoulduseAdams."★★

1.Theauthorprovidesnoevidencethatthequalityofarealestatefirmisdirectlyproportionaltothenumberofitsagentsorthenumberofhoursperweekthatitsagentswork.（U.C）★★★

2.TheauthordoesnotprovideanyinformationabouthowmanyAdamsagentsworkpart-time.（exparteinformation）★★

3.Lastyear’ssalesresultmaynotberepresentative.（selectivesample）★★★

4.Thedisparityinsalesvolumecanreadilybeexplainedbyfactorsotherthanthecomparativequalityofthetwofirms,suchasservingareaandlocation.（NCR）★★★★

5.Forlackofdataconcerningtheaveragenumberofhomessoldperagent,wecannotevaluatetheactualperformanceofagentsinthetwofirms.（V.D）★★

6.ThefactthattheaveragesalespriceofahomesoldbyAdamsishigherthantheaveragepriceofahomesoldbyFitchdoesnotindicatethatAdamsismoreeffectiveinsellinghomesthanFitch.（NCR）★★★★

7.Thedisparityinthespeedofasaleisexplainablebyotherplausiblefactorsthatwouldchangethroughthetime,orsomeessentialdifferencesofthetwoproperties.（F.A/I.C/P→F）★★★★★

5（交通安全/提议/类比）ThefollowingappearedinalettertotheeditoroftheBalmerIslandGazette.

"ThepopulationofBalmerIslandincreasesto100,000duringthesummermonths.Toreducethenumberofaccidentsinvolvingmopedsandpedestrians（4）,thetowncouncilofBalmerIslandshouldlimitthenumberofmopedsrentedbyeachoftheisland'ssixmopedandbicyclerentalcompanies（5）from50perdayto30perday（6）duringthesummerseason（7）.Bylimitingthenumberofrentals,thetowncouncilissuretoattainthe50percentreductioninmopedaccidents（1,4）thatwasachievedlastyearintheneighboringislandofTorseau（3）,whenTorseau'stowncouncilenforcedsimilarlimitsonmopedrentals

（2）."★★★★

1.TheauthorassumesthatallotherconditionsinBalmerthatmightaffecttherateofmoped-pedestrianaccidentswillremainunchangedaftertherestrictionsareenacted.（P→F）★★★

2.Theauthorfailstoconsiderotherpossibleexplanationsforthe50%declineinTorseau'smopedaccidentratelastyear.（NCR）★★★★

3.BalmerIslandandTorseaumaynotbecomparable.（F.A）★★★★

4.Theauthorprovidesnoevidencethatthesamerestrictionsthatservedtoreducetheincidenceofall"mopedaccidents"by50%wouldalsoservetoreducetheincidenceofaccidentsinvolving"mopedsandpedestrians"by50%.（U.C）★★★

5.WedonotknowwhatpercentageofmopedsinBalmerIslandisrentedbythesixcompanies.（V.D）★★★

6.Theauthorfailstoprovideaccuratedataaboutthecurrentnumberofmopedsrentedbythesixcompaniesperday.（I.I）★★

7.Theproposedregulationmaynotbenecessaryfortheauthor’spurpose.（necessityofthesolution）★★★

645,（动物/推测/并列）Thefollowingappearedasaneditorialinawildlifejournal.

"ArcticdeerliveonislandsinCanada'sarcticregion.Theysearchforfoodbymovingovericefromislandtoislandduringthecourseofayear.Theirhabitatislimitedtoareaswarmenoughtosustaintheplantsonwhichtheyfeed,andcoldenough,atleastsomeoftheyear,fortheicetocovertheseaseparatingtheislands,allowingthedeertotraveloverit.Unfortunately,accordingtoreportsfromlocalhunters

（1）,thedeerpopulationsaredeclining.Sincethesereportscoincidewithrecentglobalwarmingtrends

（2）thathavecausedtheseaicetomelt,wecanconcludethatthedeclineinarcticdeerpopulationsistheresultofdeerbeingunabletofollowtheirage-oldmigrationpatterns（4）acrossthefrozensea（3）."★★★★★

1.Theaccuracyofthereportsfromlocalhunterscanbecastdoubton.（selectivesample）★★★★

2.Theglobalwarmingtrendsmayhavenoeffectsonthespecificregionmentionedbytheeditorial.（C.S）★★★★

3.Alternativeexplanationscanalsoaccountforthedeclineinarcticdeerpopulation.（NCR）★★★★

4.Thechangeinclimatepatternsdoesnotnecessarilyleadtothedeclineindeerpopulation,deermayadaptthemselvestothenewweatherbycertainmeans.（NCR）★★★★

744,（经营/决策/大并列小递进）ThefollowingisarecommendationfromthebusinessmanagerofMonarchBooks.

"MonarchBooksshouldopenacaféinitsstore（5）toattractmorecustomers（3）andbettercompetewithRegalBooks,whichrecentlyopenedacafé（1,2）.Monarch,whichhasbeeninbusinessatthesamelocationformorethantwentyyears,hasalargecustomerfollowingbecauseitisknownforitswideselectionofbooksonallsubjects.Openingthecaféwouldclearlyattractmorecustomers.Thecaféwouldrequirerelativelylittlespace.Spacecouldbemadeforthecafébydiscontinuingthechildren'sbooksection（4）,whichwilllikelybecomelesspopular（8）giventhatthelastnationalcensus（6）indicatedasignificantdeclineinthepercentofthepopulation（7）whoareunderageten."★★★

1.Themanageroffersnoevidencethatthetwob