12大学英语四级真题及答案第一套.docx

12大学英语四级真题及答案第一套.docx

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12大学英语四级真题及答案第一套

2016年12月大学英语四级考试真题（第1套）

PartⅠ

Writing

（30minutes）

Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessay.Supposeyouhavetwooptionsupongraduation:

oneistofindajobsomewhereandtheothertostartabusinessofyourown.Youaretomakeadecision.Writeanessaytoexplainthereasonsforyourdecision.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.

PartⅢ

ReadingComprehension

（40minutes）

SectionA

Directions:

Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Whensomeonecommitsacriminalact,wealwayshopethepunishmentwillmatchthewhenitcomestooneofthecruelestcrimes--animalfighting--things26workoutthatvictimsare27andkilledforprofitand"sport,"yettheircriminalabusersoftenreceivea28sentenceforcausingalifetimeofpain.Roughlyhalfofallfederally-convictedanimalfightersonlygetprobation（缓刑）.

Someprogresshasbeenmadeintheprosecution（起诉）ofanimalfighters.ButfederaljudgesoftenrelyheavilyontheU.S.SentencingGuideLineswhenthey29penalties,andinthecaseofanimalfighting,thoseguidelinesareoutdatedandextremely30

The.SentencingCommission,which31thesesentencingguidelines,isrevisitingthem,proposingtoraisetheminimumsentencefrom6-12to21-27months.Thisisastepintheright32,butwe'dliketoseetheU.S.SentencingCommissionmakefurtherchangestotheguidelines.

Alongwiththiseffort,we'reworkingwithanimaladvocatesandstateandfederallawmakersto33anti-crueltylawsacrossthecountry,aswellassupportinglawsandpoliciesthatassistoverburdenedanimal34thatcareforanimalfightingvictims.Thishelpis35importantbecausethehighcostofcaringforanimalvictimsisamajorfactorthatpreventspeoplefromgettinginvolvedincrueltycasesinthefirstplace.

A.convenient

B.creates

C.critically

D.determine

E.direction

F.hesitate

G.inadequate

H.inspired

I.method

J.minimal

K.rarely

L.shelters

M.strengthen

N.sufferings

O.tortured

SectionB

Directions:

Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.YoumaychooseaparagraphmorethanparagraphismarkedwithathequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.

WhenWorkBecomesaGame

A）Whatmotivatesemployeestodotheirjobswell?

Competitionwithcoworkers,forsome.Thepromiseofrewards,forothers.Pureenjoymentofproblem-solving,foraluckyfew.

B）Increasingly,companiesaretappingintothesedesiresdirectlythroughwhathascometobeknownas"gamification":

essentially,turningworkintoagame."Gamificationisaboutunderstandingwhatitisthatmakesgamesengagingandwhatgamedesignersdotocreateagreatexperienceingames,andtakingthoselearningsandapplyingthemtoothercontextssuchastheworkplaceandeducation,"explainsKevinWerbach,agamificationexpertwhoteachesattheWhartonSchoolofBusinessattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaintheUnitedStates.

C）Itmightmeanmonitoringemployeeproductivityonadigitalleaderboardandofferingprizestothewinner,orgivingemployeesdigitalbadgesorstarsforcompletingcertainactivities.Itcouldalsomeantrainingemployeeshowtodotheirjobsthroughvideogameplatforms.CompaniesfromGoogletoL'OréaltoIBMtoWellsFargoareknowntousesomedegreeofgamificationintheirworkplaces.Andmoreandmorecompaniesarejoiningthem.Arecentreportsuggeststhattheglobalgamificationmarketwillgrowfrom$billionin2015to$billionby2020.

D）Theconceptofgamificationisnotentirelynew,Werbachsays.Companies,marketersandteachershavelonglookedforfunwaystoengagepeople'sreward-seekingorcompetitivespirits.CrackerJackshasbeen"gamifying"itssnackfoodbyputtingasmallprizeinsideformorethan100years,headds,andtheturn-of-the-centurysteelmagnate（巨头）CharlesSchwabissaidtohaveoftencomeintohisfactoryandwrittenthenumberoftonsofsteelproducedonthepastshiftonthefactoryfloor,thusmotivatingthenextshiftofworkerstobeatthepreviousone.

E）Buttheword"gamification"andthewidespread,consciousapplicationoftheconceptonlybeganinearnestaboutfiveyearsago,Werbachsays.Thanksinparttovideogames,thegenerationnowenteringtheworkforceisespeciallyopentotheideaofhavingtheirworkgamified."Weareatapointwhereinmuchofthedevelopedworldthevastmajorityofyoungpeoplegrewupplayingvideogames,andanincreasinglyhighpercentageofadultsplaythesevideogamestoo,"Werbachsays.

F）Anumberofcompanieshavesprungup--GamEffective,BunchbailandBadgeville,tonameafew--inrecentyearsofferinggamificationplatformsforbusinesses.Theplatformsthataremosteffectiveturnemployees'ordinaryjobtasksintopartofarichadventurenarrative."Whatmakesagamegame-likeisthattheplayeractuallycaresabouttheoutcome,"Werbachsays."Theprincipleisaboutunderstandingwhatismotivatingtothisgroupofplayers,whichrequiressomeunderstandingofpsychology."

G）Somepeople,Werbachsays,aremotivatedbypeopleoftenfallintothiscategory.Forthem,therightkindofgamificationmightbeturningtheirsaiespitchesintoacompetitionwithotherteammembers,completewithadigitalleaderboardshowingwhoiswinningatalltimes.Othersaremoremotivatedbycollaborationandsocialexperiences.OnecompanyWerbachhasstudiedusesgamificationtocreateasenseofcommunityandboostemployees'morale（士气）.Whenemployeeslogintotheircomputers,they'reshownapictureofoneoftheircoworkersandaskedtoguessthatperson'sname.

H）Gamificationdoesnothavetobedigital.MonicaCornettirunsacompanythatgamifiesemployeetrainings.Sometimesthisinvolvestechnology,butoftenitdoesnot.Sherecentlydesignedagamificationstrategyforasaiestrainingcompanywithastorm-chasingtheme.Employeesformed"stormchaserteams"andcompetedinstorm-themededucationalexercisestoearnvariousrewards."Rewardsdonothavetobestuff,"Cornettisays."Rewardscanbeflexibleworkinghours."Anothertraining,thisoneforpayrolllaw,usedaSnowWhiteandtheSevenDwarfstheme."SnowWhite"isavailableforeveryonetouse,butthe"dwarfs"arestillundercopyright,soCornettiinventedsound-alikecharacters（GrumpyGus,DopeyDan）toillustratespecificpayrolllawprinciples.

I）Somepeopledonottakenaturailytogamifiedworkenvironments,Cornettiherexperience,peopleinpositionsofpowerorpeopleinfinanceorengineeringdonottendtolikethesoundoftheword."Ifwearedesigningforengineers,I'mnottalkingabouta'game'atall,"Cornettisays."I'mtalkingabouta'simulation'（模拟）,I'mtalkingabout'beingabletosolvethisproblem.'"

J）Gamificationis"notamagicbullet,"Werbachgamificationstrategythatisnotsufficientlythoughtthroughorwelltailoredtoitsplayersmayengagepeopleforalittlewhile,butitwillnotmotivatepeopleinthelongterm.Itcanalsobeexploitative,especiallywhenusedwithvulnerablepopulations.Forworkers,especiallylow-paidworkers,whodesperatelyneedtheirjobsyetknowtheycanbeeasilyreplaced,gamificationmayfeelmoreliketheHungerGames.WerbachgivestheexampleofseveralDisneylandhotelsinAnaheim,Caiifornia,whichusedlargedigitalleaderboardstodisplayhowefficientlylaundryworkerswereworkingcomparedtooneemployeesfoundtheboardmotivating.Toothers,itwastheoppositeoffun.Somebegantostoptakingbathroombreaks,worriedthatiftheirproductivityfelltheywouldbefired.Pregnantemployeesstruggledtokeepup.InaLosAngelesTimesarticle,oneemployeereferredtotheboardasa"digitalwhip.""Itactuallyhadaverynegativeeffectonmoraleandperformance,"Werbachsays.

K）Still,gamificationonlystandstobecomemorepopular,hesays,"asmoreandmorepeoplecomeintotheworkforcewhoarefamiliarwiththestructuresandexpressionsofdigitaigames.""Wearefarfromreachingthepeak,"Cornettiagrees."Thereisnoreasonthiswillgoaway."

36.Somefamouscompaniesarealreadyusinggamificationandmorearetryingtodothesame.

37.Gamificationisnotamiraclecureforallworkplacesasitmayhavenegativeresults.

38.Toenhancemorale,onecompanyasksitsemployeestoidentifytheirfellowworkerswhenstartingtheircomputers.

39.Theideaofgamificationwaspracticedbysomebusinessesmorethanacenturyago.

40.Thereisreasontobelievethatgamificationwillbeheretostay.

41.Videogamescontributedinsomewaystothewideapplicationofgamification.

42.Whenturningworkintoagame,itisnecessarytounderstandwhatmakesgamesinteresting.

43.Gamificationinemployeetrainingdoesnotalwaysneedtechnology.

44.Themostsuccessfulgamificationplatformstransformdailyworkassignmentsintofunexperiences.

45.Itisnecessarytousetermsotherthan"gamification"forsomeprofessions.

SectionC

Directions:

Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnsw