大学英语读写译1期末测试题及答案.docx

大学英语读写译1期末测试题及答案.docx

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大学英语读写译1期末测试题及答案

大学英语读写译

（一）

期末测试题

（2）

PartI.ReadingComprehension（50%）

SectionA.SkimmingandScanning（10%）

Directions:

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet.

Forquestions1-7,mark

Y（forYES）ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;

N（forNO）ifstatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;

NG（forNOTGIVEN）iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.

Forquestion8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

Ifitweren’tfornicotine,peoplewouldn’tsmoketobacco.Why?

Becauseofthemorethan4000chemicalsintobaccosmoke,nicotineistheprimaryonethatactsonthebrain,alteringpeople’smoods,appetitesandalertnessinwaystheyfindpleasantandbeneficial.Unfortunately,asitiswidelyknown,nicotinehasadarkside:

itishighlyaddictive.Oncesmokersbecomehookedonit,theymustgettheirfixofitregularly,sometimesseveraldozentimesaday.Cigarettesmokecontains43knowncarcinogens,whichmeansthatlong-termsmokingcanamounttoadeathsentence.IntheUSalone,420,000Americansdieeveryyearfromtobacco-relatedillnesses.

Breakingnicotineaddictionisnoteasy.Eachyear,nearly35millionpeoplemakeaconcertedefforttoquitsmoking.Sadly,lessthan7percentsucceedinabstainingformorethanayear;moststartsmokingagainwithindays.Sowhatisnicotineandhowdoesitinsinuateitselfintothesmoker’sbrainandverybeing?

Thenicotinefoundintobaccoisapotentdrugandsmokers,andevensomescientists,sayitofferscertainbenefits.Oneisenhanceperformance.Onestudyfoundthatnon-smokersgivendosesofnicotinetypedabout5percentfasterthantheydidwithoutit.Togreaterorlesserdegrees,usersalsosaynicotinehelpsthemtomaintainconcentration,reduceanxiety,relievepain,andevendampentheirappetites（thushelpinginweightcontrol）.Unfortunately,nicotinecanalsoproducedeleteriouseffectsbeyondaddiction.Athighdoses,asareachievedfromtobaccoproducts,itcancausehighbloodpressure,distressintherespiratoryandgastrointestinalsystemsandanincreaseinsusceptibilitytoseizuresandhypothermia.

Firstisolatedasacompoundin1828,initspureformnicotineisaclearliquidthatturnsbrownwhenburnedandsmellsliketobaccowhenexposedtoair.Itisfoundinseveralspeciesofplants,includingtobaccoand,perhapssurprisingly,intomatoes,potatoes,andeggplant（thoughinextremelylowquantitiesthatarepharmacologicallyinsignificantforhumans）.

Assimpleasitlooks,thecigaretteishighlyengineerednicotinedeliverydevice.Forinstance,whentobaccoresearchersfoundthatmuchofthenicotineinacigarettewasn’treleasedwhenburnedbutratherremainedchemicallyboundwithinthetobaccoleaf,theybeganaddingsubstancessuchasammoniatocigarettetobaccotoreleasemorenicotine.Ammoniahelpskeepnicotineinitsbasicform,whichismorereadilyvaporisedbytheintenseheatoftheburningcigarettethantheacidicform.MostcigarettesforsaleintheUStodaycontain10milligramsormoreofnicotine.Byinhalingsmokefromalightedcigarette,theaveragesmokertakes1or2milligramsofvaporisednicotinepercigarette.Todayweknowthatonlyaminisculeamountofnicotineisneededtofueladdiction.Researchshowsthatmanufacturerswouldhavetocutnicotinelevelsinatypicalcigaretteby95%toforestallitspowertoaddict.Whenasmokerpuffsonalightedcigarette,smoke,includingvaporisednicotine,isdrawnintothemouth.Theskinandliningofthemouthimmediatelyabsorbsomenicotine,buttheremainderflowsstraightdownintothelungs,whereiteasilydiffusesintothebloodvesselsliningthelungwalls.Thebloodvesselscarrythenicotinetotheheart,whichthenpumpsitdirectlytothebrain.Whilemostoftheeffectsasmokerseeksoccurinthebrain,thehearttakesahitaswell.

Studieshaveshownthatasmoker’sfirstcigaretteofthedaycanincreasehisorherheartrateby10to20beatsaminute.Scientistshavefoundthatasmokedsubstancereachesthebrainmorequicklythanoneswallowed,snorted（suchascocainepowder）oreveninjected.Indeed,anicotinemoleculeinhaledinsmokewillreachthebrainwithin10seconds.Thenicotinetravelsthroughbloodvessels,whichbranchoutintocapillarieswithinthebrain.Capillariesnormallycarrynutrientsbuttheyreadilyaccommodatenicotinemoleculesaswell.Onceinsidethebrain,nicotine,likemostaddictivedrugs,triggersthereleaseofchemicalsassociatedwitheuphoriaandpleasure.Justasitmovesrapidlyfromthelungsintothebloodstream,nicotinealsoeasilydiffusesthroughcapillarywalls.Itthenmigratestothespacessurroundingneurones–ganglioncellsthattransmitnerveimpulsesthroughoutthenervoussystem.Theseimpulsesarethebasisforourthoughts,feelings,andmoods.Totransmitnerveimpulsestoitsneighbour,aneuronereleaseschemicalmessengersknownasneurotransmitters.Likenicotinemolecules,theneurotransmittersdriftintotheso-calledsynapticspacebetweenneurones,readytolatchontothereceivingneuroneandthusdeliverachemical“message”thattriggersanelectricalimpulse.

Theneurotransmittersbindontoreceptorsonthesurfaceoftherecipientneurone.Thisopenschannelsinthecellsurfacethroughwhichenterions,orchargedatoms,ofsodium.Thisgeneratesacurrentacrossthemembraneofthereceivingcell,whichcompletesdeliveryofthe“message”.Anaccomplishedmimic,nicotinecompeteswiththeneurotransmitterstobindtothereceptors.Itwinsand,likethevanquishedchemical,opensionchannelsthatletsodiumionsintothecell.Butthere’salotmorenicotinearoundthantheoriginaltransmitter,soamuchlargercurrentspreadsacrossthemembrane.Thisbiggercurrentcausesincreasedelectricalimpulsestotravelalongcertainneurones.Withrepeatedsmoking,theneuronesadapttothisincreasedelectricalactivity,andthesmokerbecomesdependentonthenicotine.

Questions1–7

1.Althoughnicotineisprobablythewell-knownchemicalincigarettes,itisnotnecessarilytheonethatchangesthepsycheofthesmokerwhencigarettesaresmoked.

2.Inspiteofthedifficulties,accordingtothetextmorethanthirty-fivemillionpeopleayear

giveupsmoking.

3.Ithasbeenshownthatnicotineincigarettescanimprovepeople’sabilitiestoperformsome

actionsmorequickly.

4.Addedammoniaincigarettesallowssmokerstoinhalemorenicotine.

5.Snortedsubstancesreachthebrainfasterthaninjectedsubstances.

6.Nicotinedilatesthebloodvesselsthatcarryitaroundthebody.

7.Nicotinemoleculesallowgreaterelectricalchargestopassbetweenneurones.

Questions8–10

8.Cigarettecompanieswouldhavetocutthenicotinecontentincigarettesby_________topreventthemfrombeingaddictive.

9.Accordingtothepassage,acigarettecanraiseasmoker’sheartrateby_________aminute.

10.Inordertotransmitnerveimpulsestoitsneighbour,aneuronesends_________knownasneurotransmitters

SectionB.ReadingComprehension（30%）

Directions:

Inthissection,thereare3passages.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

PassageOne

Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

OneofthemostinterestingparadoxesinAmericatodayisthatHarvardUniversity,theoldestuniversityofhigherlearningintheUnitedStates,isnowengagedinaseriousdiscussionaboutwhatauniversityshouldbe,andwhetheritismeasuringup.

ShouldHarvard—oranyotheruniversity—beanintellectualsanctuary（圣地）,apartfromthepoliticalandsocialrevolutionoftheage,orshoulditbealaboratoryforexperimentingwiththesepoliticalandsocialrevolutions;orevenanengineoftherevolution?

ThisissuewasdefinedseveralyearsagobyWalterLippMann,afamousHarvardgraduate:

“Iftheuniversitiesaretodotheirwork,”hesaid,“theymustbeindependentandtheymustbedisinterested（公正）…Theyareplacestowhichmencanturnforjudgmentswhicharefair.Obviously,themomenttheuniversitiesfallunderpoliticalcontrol,orunderthecontrolofprivateinterests,orthemomenttheythemselvestakeahandinpoliticalaffairsandleadingpositionsingovernment,theirvalueasindependentasdisinterestedsourcesofjudgmentisweakened…”

ThisispartofthediscussionthatisgoingonatHarvardtoday.Anotherpartisthediscussionofthemilitant（激进的）andevenmanyconservativestudentsthatauniversityisthekeeperofouridealsandmorals,andshouldnotbe“disinterested”butactiveinbringingthenation’sidealsandactionstogether.

Harvard’smenoftodayseemmoretroubledandlesssureaboutpersonal,politicalandstudypurposesthantheydidatthebeginning.Theyarenotevenclearabouthowtheyshoulddiscussandresolvetheirproblem,buttheyarestrugglingwiththemprivately,andhowtheycomeoutissuretoinfluenceAmericanuniversityandpoliticallife.

11.AccordingtoWalterLippMann,auniversitymust_____.

A.dependonthegovernment

B.takeactivepartinpoliticalaffairsandsocialissues

C.fallunderthecontrolofspecialandprivateinterests

D.remainindependentofoursociety

12.ThosewhodisagreewithWalterLippMannarguethatauniversityshould_____.

A.beengagedinaseriousdiscussionontheroleitplaysinthesociety

B.supportouroldandestablisheduniversities

C.takeanactivepartinsolvingsociety’sproblems

D.notbeinterestedinsocia