大学英语读写译1期末测试题及答案.docx

1、大学英语读写译1期末测试题及答案大学英语读写译（一）期末测试题（2）Part I. Reading Comprehension (50%)Section A. Skimming and Scanning (10%)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet.For questions 1-7, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the in

2、formation given in the passage;N (for NO) if statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.For question 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. If it werent for nicotine, people wouldnt sm

3、oke tobacco. Why? Because of the more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, nicotine is the primary one that acts on the brain, altering peoples moods, appetites and alertness in ways they find pleasant and beneficial. Unfortunately, as it is widely known, nicotine has a dark side: it is highly addi

4、ctive. Once smokers become hooked on it, they must get their fix of it regularly, sometimes several dozen times a day. Cigarette smoke contains 43 known carcinogens, which means that long-term smoking can amount to a death sentence. In the US alone, 420,000 Americans die every year from tobacco-rela

5、ted illnesses.Breaking nicotine addiction is not easy. Each year, nearly 35 million people make a concerted effort to quit smoking. Sadly, less than 7 percent succeed in abstaining for more than a year; most start smoking again within days. So what is nicotine and how does it insinuate itself into t

6、he smokers brain and very being?The nicotine found in tobacco is a potent drug and smokers, and even some scientists, say it offers certain benefits. One is enhance performance. One study found that non-smokers given doses of nicotine typed about 5 percent faster than they did without it. To greater

7、 or lesser degrees, users also say nicotine helps them to maintain concentration, reduce anxiety, relieve pain, and even dampen their appetites (thus helping in weight control). Unfortunately, nicotine can also produce deleterious effects beyond addiction. At high doses, as are achieved from tobacco

8、 products, it can cause high blood pressure, distress in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems and an increase in susceptibility to seizures and hypothermia.First isolated as a compound in 1828, in its pure form nicotine is a clear liquid that turns brown when burned and smells like tobacco w

9、hen exposed to air. It is found in several species of plants, including tobacco and, perhaps surprisingly, in tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplant (though in extremely low quantities that are pharmacologically insignificant for humans).As simple as it looks, the cigarette is highly engineered nicotine d

10、elivery device. For instance, when tobacco researchers found that much of the nicotine in a cigarette wasnt released when burned but rather remained chemically bound within the tobacco leaf, they began adding substances such as ammonia to cigarette tobacco to release more nicotine. Ammonia helps kee

11、p nicotine in its basic form, which is more readily vaporised by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than the acidic form. Most cigarettes for sale in the US today contain 10 milligrams or more of nicotine. By inhaling smoke from a lighted cigarette, the average smoker takes 1 or 2 milligrams

12、of vaporised nicotine per cigarette. Today we know that only a miniscule amount of nicotine is needed to fuel addiction. Research shows that manufacturers would have to cut nicotine levels in a typical cigarette by 95% to forestall its power to addict. When a smoker puffs on a lighted cigarette, smo

13、ke, including vaporised nicotine, is drawn into the mouth. The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some nicotine, but the remainder flows straight down into the lungs, where it easily diffuses into the blood vessels lining the lung walls. The blood vessels carry the nicotine to the heart

14、, which then pumps it directly to the brain. While most of the effects a smoker seeks occur in the brain, the heart takes a hit as well. Studies have shown that a smokers first cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 beats a minute. Scientists have found that a smoked sub

15、stance reaches the brain more quickly than one swallowed, snorted (such as cocaine powder) or even injected. Indeed, a nicotine molecule inhaled in smoke will reach the brain within 10 seconds. The nicotine travels through blood vessels, which branch out into capillaries within the brain. Capillarie

16、s normally carry nutrients but they readily accommodate nicotine molecules as well. Once inside the brain, nicotine, like most addictive drugs, triggers the release of chemicals associated with euphoria and pleasure. Just as it moves rapidly from the lungs into the bloodstream, nicotine also easily

17、diffuses through capillary walls. It then migrates to the spaces surrounding neurones ganglion cells that transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system. These impulses are the basis for our thoughts, feelings, and moods. To transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour, a neurone releases chemica

18、l messengers known as neurotransmitters. Like nicotine molecules, the neurotransmitters drift into the so-called synaptic space between neurones, ready to latch onto the receiving neurone and thus deliver a chemical “message” that triggers an electrical impulse.The neurotransmitters bind onto recept

19、ors on the surface of the recipient neurone. This opens channels in the cell surface through which enter ions, or charged atoms, of sodium. This generates a current across the membrane of the receiving cell, which completes delivery of the “message”. An accomplished mimic, nicotine competes with the

20、 neurotransmitters to bind to the receptors. It wins and, like the vanquished chemical, opens ion channels that let sodium ions into the cell. But theres a lot more nicotine around than the original transmitter, so a much larger current spreads across the membrane. This bigger current causes increas

21、ed electrical impulses to travel along certain neurones. With repeated smoking, the neurones adapt to this increased electrical activity, and the smoker becomes dependent on the nicotine.Questions 1 71. Although nicotine is probably the well-known chemical in cigarettes, it is not necessarily the on

22、e that changes the psyche of the smoker when cigarettes are smoked.2. In spite of the difficulties, according to the text more than thirty-five million people a yeargive up smoking.3. It has been shown that nicotine in cigarettes can improve peoples abilities to perform someactions more quickly.4. A

23、dded ammonia in cigarettes allows smokers to inhale more nicotine.5. Snorted substances reach the brain faster than injected substances.6. Nicotine dilates the blood vessels that carry it around the body.7. Nicotine molecules allow greater electrical charges to pass between neurones.Questions 8 108.

24、 Cigarette companies would have to cut the nicotine content in cigarettes by _ to prevent them from being addictive.9. According to the passage, a cigarette can raise a smokers heart rate by _ a minute.10. In order to transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour, a neurone sends _ known as neurotransmit

25、tersSection B. Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this section, there are 3 passages. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on th

26、e Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.One of the most interesting paradoxes in America today is that Harvard University, the oldest university of higher learning in the United States, is now engaged in a serious discussi

27、on about what a university should be, and whether it is measuring up.Should Harvardor any other universitybe an intellectual sanctuary(圣地), apart from the political and social revolution of the age, or should it be a laboratory for experimenting with these political and social revolutions; or even a

28、n engine of the revolution?This issue was defined several years ago by Walter LippMann, a famous Harvard graduate:“If the universities are to do their work,” he said, “ they must be independent and they must be disinterested(公正)They are places to which men can turn for judgments which are fair. Obvi

29、ously, the moment the universities fall under political control, or under the control of private interests, or the moment they themselves take a hand in political affairs and leading positions in government, their value as independent as disinterested sources of judgment is weakened”This is part of

30、the discussion that is going on at Harvard today. Another part is the discussion of the militant(激进的) and even many conservative students that a university is the keeper of our ideals and morals, and should not be “disinterested” but active in bringing the nations ideals and actions together. Harvar

31、ds men of today seem more troubled and less sure about personal, political and study purposes than they did at the beginning. They are not even clear about how they should discuss and resolve their problem, but they are struggling with them privately, and how they come out is sure to influence Ameri

32、can university and political life.11. According to Walter LippMann, a university must _.A. depend on the government B. take active part in political affairs and social issuesC. fall under the control of special and private interestsD. remain independent of our society12. Those who disagree with Walter LippMann argue that a university should_.A. be engaged in a serious discussion on the role it plays in the societyB. support our old and established universitiesC. take an active part in solving societys problemsD. not be interested in socia