英语语言学概论整理.docx
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英语语言学概论整理
Chapter1Language语言
Designfeature(识别特征)referstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.
Productivity(能产性)referstotheabilitythatpeoplehaveinmakingandcomprehendingindefinitelylargequantitiesofsentencesintheirnativelanguage.
arbitrariness(任意性)Arbitrarinessreferstothephenomenonthatthereisnomotivatedrelationshipbetweenalinguisticformanditsmeaning.
symbol(符号)Symbolreferstosomethingsuchasanobject,word,orsoundthatrepresentssomethingelsebyassociationorconvention.
discreteness(离散性)Discretenessreferstothephenomenonthatthesoundsinalanguagearemeaningfullydistinct.
displacement(不受时空限制的特性)Displacementreferstothefactthathumanlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutthingsthatarenotintheimmediatesituationsofitsusers.
dualityofstructure(结构二重性)Theorganizationoflanguageintotwolevels,oneofsounds,theotherofmeaning,isknownasdualityofstructure.
culturetransmission(文化传播)Culturetransmissionreferstothefactthatlanguageispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinheritance.
interchangeability(互换性)Interchangeabilitymeansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerandareceiverofmessages.
★Whatislanguage
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Thisdefinitionhascapturedthemainfeaturesoflanguage.
First,languageisasystem.
Second,languageisarbitraryinthesense.
Thethirdfeatureoflanguageissymbolicnature.
★Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage
Languagehassevendesignfeaturesasfollowing:
1)Productivity.
2)Discreteness.
3)Displacement
4)Arbitrariness.
5)Culturaltransmission
6)Dualityofstructure.
7)Interchangeability.
Whydowesaylanguageisasystem
Becauseelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules,andeverylanguagecontainsasetofrules.Bysystem,therecurringpatternsorarrangementsortheparticularwaysordesignsinwhichalanguageoperates.Andthesounds,thewordsandthesentencesareusedinfixedpatternsthatspeakerofalanguagecanunderstandeachother.
★(Functionoflanguage.)AccordingtoHalliday,whataretheinitialfunctionsofchildren’slanguageAndwhatarethethreefunctionalcomponentsofadultlanguage
Hallidayusesthefollowingtermstorefertotheinitialfunctionsofchildren’slanguage:
1)Instrumentalfunction.工具功能
2)Regulatoryfunction.调节功能
3)Representationalfunction.表现功能
4)Interactionalfunction.互动功能
5)Personalfunction.自指性功能
6)Heuristicfunction.启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h]
7)Imaginativefunction.想象功能
Adultlanguagehasthreefunctionalcomponentsasfollowing:
1)Interpersonalcomponents.人际
2)Ideationalcomponents.概念
3)Textualcomponents.语篇
Chapter2Linguistics语言学
generallinguisticsanddescriptivelinguistics(普通语言学与描写语言学)Theformerdealswithlanguageingeneralwhereasthelatterisconcernedwithoneparticularlanguage.
synchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics(共时语言学与历时语言学)Diachroniclinguisticstracesthehistoricaldevelopmentofthelanguageandrecordsthechangesthathavetakenplaceinitbetweensuccessivepointsintime.Andsynchroniclinguisticspresentsanaccountoflanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointintime.
theoreticallinguisticsandappliedlinguistics(理论语言学与应用语言学)Theformercopeswithlanguageswithaviewtoestablishingatheoryoftheirstructuresandfunctionswhereasthelatterisconcernedwiththeapplicationoftheconceptsandfindingsoflinguisticstoallsortsofpracticaltasks.
microlinguisticsandmacrolinguistics(微观语言学与宏观语言学)Theformerstudiesonlythestructureoflanguagesystemwhereasthelatterdealswitheverythingthatisrelatedtolanguages.
langueandparole(语言与言语)Theformerreferstotheabstractlinguisticssystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhereasthelatterreferstotheconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationbyanindividualspeaker.
competenceandperformance(语言能力与语言运用)Theformerisone’sknowledgeofallthelinguisticregulationsystemswhereasthelatteristheuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.
speechandwriting(口头语与书面语)Speechisthespokenformoflanguagewhereaswritingiswrittencodes,giveslanguagenewscope.
linguisticsbehaviorpotentialandactuallinguisticbehavior(语言行为潜势与实际语言行为)Peopleactuallysaysonacertainoccasiontoacertainpersonisactuallinguisticsbehavior.Andeachofpossiblelinguisticitemsthathecouldhavesaidislinguisticbehaviorpotential.
syntagmaticrelationandparadigmaticrelation(横组合关系与纵聚合关系)Theformerdescribesthehorizontaldimensionofalanguagewhilethelatterdescribestheverticaldimensionofalanguage.
verbalcommunicationandnon-verbalcommunication(言语交际与非言语交际)Usualuseoflanguageasameansoftransmittinginformationiscalledverbalcommunication.Thewaysweconveymeaningwithoutusinglanguageiscallednon-verbalcommunication.
★HowdoesJohnLyonsclassifylinguistics
AccordingtoJohnLyons,thefieldoflinguisticsasawholecanbedividedintoseveralsubfieldsasfollowing:
1)Generallinguisticsanddescriptivelinguistics.
2)Synchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics.
3)Theoreticallinguisticsandappliedlinguistics.
4)Microlinguisticsandmacrolinguistics.
Explainthethreeprinciplesbywhichthelinguistisguided:
consistency,adequacyandsimplicity.
1)Consistencymeansthatthereshouldbenocontradictionsbetweendifferentpartsofthetheoryandthedescription.
2)Adequacymeansthatthetheorymustbebroadenoughinscopetooffersignificantgeneralizations.
3)Simplicityrequiresustobeasbriefandeconomicaspossible.
★Whatarethesub-branchesoflinguisticswithinthelanguagesystem
Withinthelanguagesystemtherearesixsub-branchesasfollowing:
1)Phonetics.语音学isastudyofspeechsoundsofallhumanlanguages.
2)Phonology.音位学studiesaboutthesoundsandsoundpatternsofaspeaker’snativelanguage.
3)Morphology.形态学studiesabouthowawordisformed.
4)Syntax.句法学studiesaboutwhetherasentenceisgrammaticalornot.
5)Semantics.语义学studiesaboutthemeaningoflanguage,includingmeaningofwordsandmeaningofsentences.
6)Pragmatics.语用学
★Thescopeoflanguage:
Linguisticsisreferredtoasascientificstudyoflanguage.
★Thescientificprocessoflinguisticstudy:
Itinvolvesfourstages:
collectingdata,formingahypothesis,testingthehypothesisanddrawingconclusions.
Chapter3Phonetics语音学
articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学)Thestudyofhowspeechorgansproducethesoundsiscalledarticulatoryphonetics.
acousticphonetics(声学语音学)Thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesandofthetransmissionofspeechsoundsiscalledacousticphonetics.
auditoryphonetics(听觉语音学)Thestudyofthewayhearersperceivespeechsoundsiscalledauditoryphonetics.
consonant(辅音)Consonantisaspeechsoundwheretheairformthelanguageiseithercompletelyblocked,orpartiallyblocked,orwheretheopeningbetweenthespeechorgansissonarrowthattheairescapeswithaudiblefriction.
vowel(元音)isdefinedasaspeechsoundinwhichtheairfromthelungsisnotblockedinanywayandispronouncedwithvocal-cordvibration.
bilabials(双唇音)Bilabialsmeansthatconsonantsforwhichtheflowofairisstoppedorrestrictedbythetwolips.[p][b][m][w]
affricates(塞擦音)Thesoundproducedbystoppingtheairstreamandthenimmediatelyreleasingitslowlyiscalledaffricates.[tX][dY][tr][dr]
glottis(声门)Glottisisthespacebetweenthevocalcords.
roundedvowel(圆唇元音)Roundedvowelisdefinedasthevowelsoundpronouncedbythelipsformingacircularopening.[u:
][u][OB][O]
diphthongs(双元音)Diphthongsareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.[ei][ai][Oi][Qu][au]
triphthongs(三合元音)Triphthongsarethosewhichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherandthenrapidlyandcontinuouslytoathirdone.[eiQ][aiQ][OiQ][QuQ][auQ]
laxvowels(松元音)Accordingtodistinctionoflongandshortvowels,vowelsareclassifiedtensevowelsandlaxvowels.Allthelongvowelsaretensevowelsbutoftheshortvowels,[e]isatensevowelaswell,andtherestshortvowelsarelaxvowels.
1.★Howareconsonantsclassifiedintermsofdifferentcriteria
TheconsonantsinEnglishcanbedescribedintermsoffourdimensions.
Thepositionofthesoftpalate.
Thepresenceortheabsenceofvocal-cordvibration.
Theplaceofarticulation.
Themannerofarticulation.
★Howarevowelsclassifiedintermsofdifferentcriteria
Vowelsoundsaredifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors.
Thestateofthevelum
Thepositionofthetongue.
Theopennessofthemouth.
Theshapeofthelips.
Thelengthofthevowels.
Thetensionofthemusclesatpharynx.
★Whatarethethreesub-branchesofphoneticsHowdotheydifferfromeachother
Phoneticshasthreesub-branchesasfollowing:
Articulatoryphoneticsisthestudyofhowspeechorgansproducethesoundsiscalledarticulatoryphonetics.
Acousticphoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesandofthetransmissionofspeechsoundsiscalledacousticphonetics.
Auditoryphoneticsisthestudyofthewayhearersperceivespeechsoundsiscalledauditoryphonetics.
★Whatarethecommonlyusedphoneticfeaturesforconsonantsandvowelsrespectively
I.Thefrequentlyusedphoneticfeaturesforconsonantsincludethefollowing:
Voiced.
Nasal.
Consonantal.
Vocalic.
Continuant.
Anterior.
Coronal.
Aspirated.
II.Themostcommonphoneticfeaturesforvowelsincludethefollowing:
High.
Low.
Front.
Back.
Rounded.
Tense.
Chapter4Phonology音位学
phonemes(音位)Phonemesareminimal