英语语言学概论整理.docx

英语语言学概论整理.docx

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英语语言学概论整理

Chapter1Language语言

Designfeature（识别特征）referstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

Productivity（能产性）referstotheabilitythatpeoplehaveinmakingandcomprehendingindefinitelylargequantitiesofsentencesintheirnativelanguage.

arbitrariness（任意性）Arbitrarinessreferstothephenomenonthatthereisnomotivatedrelationshipbetweenalinguisticformanditsmeaning.

symbol（符号）Symbolreferstosomethingsuchasanobject,word,orsoundthatrepresentssomethingelsebyassociationorconvention.

discreteness（离散性）Discretenessreferstothephenomenonthatthesoundsinalanguagearemeaningfullydistinct.

displacement（不受时空限制的特性）Displacementreferstothefactthathumanlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutthingsthatarenotintheimmediatesituationsofitsusers.

dualityofstructure（结构二重性）Theorganizationoflanguageintotwolevels,oneofsounds,theotherofmeaning,isknownasdualityofstructure.

culturetransmission（文化传播）Culturetransmissionreferstothefactthatlanguageispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinheritance.

interchangeability（互换性）Interchangeabilitymeansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerandareceiverofmessages.

★Whatislanguage

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Thisdefinitionhascapturedthemainfeaturesoflanguage.

First,languageisasystem.

Second,languageisarbitraryinthesense.

Thethirdfeatureoflanguageissymbolicnature.

★Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage

Languagehassevendesignfeaturesasfollowing:

1）Productivity.

2）Discreteness.

3）Displacement

4）Arbitrariness.

5）Culturaltransmission

6）Dualityofstructure.

7）Interchangeability.

Whydowesaylanguageisasystem

Becauseelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules,andeverylanguagecontainsasetofrules.Bysystem,therecurringpatternsorarrangementsortheparticularwaysordesignsinwhichalanguageoperates.Andthesounds,thewordsandthesentencesareusedinfixedpatternsthatspeakerofalanguagecanunderstandeachother.

★（Functionoflanguage.）AccordingtoHalliday,whataretheinitialfunctionsofchildren’slanguageAndwhatarethethreefunctionalcomponentsofadultlanguage

Hallidayusesthefollowingtermstorefertotheinitialfunctionsofchildren’slanguage:

1）Instrumentalfunction.工具功能

2）Regulatoryfunction.调节功能

3）Representationalfunction.表现功能

4）Interactionalfunction.互动功能

5）Personalfunction.自指性功能

6）Heuristicfunction.启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h]

7）Imaginativefunction.想象功能

Adultlanguagehasthreefunctionalcomponentsasfollowing:

1）Interpersonalcomponents.人际

2）Ideationalcomponents.概念

3）Textualcomponents.语篇

Chapter2Linguistics语言学

generallinguisticsanddescriptivelinguistics（普通语言学与描写语言学）Theformerdealswithlanguageingeneralwhereasthelatterisconcernedwithoneparticularlanguage.

synchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics（共时语言学与历时语言学）Diachroniclinguisticstracesthehistoricaldevelopmentofthelanguageandrecordsthechangesthathavetakenplaceinitbetweensuccessivepointsintime.Andsynchroniclinguisticspresentsanaccountoflanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointintime.

theoreticallinguisticsandappliedlinguistics（理论语言学与应用语言学）Theformercopeswithlanguageswithaviewtoestablishingatheoryoftheirstructuresandfunctionswhereasthelatterisconcernedwiththeapplicationoftheconceptsandfindingsoflinguisticstoallsortsofpracticaltasks.

microlinguisticsandmacrolinguistics（微观语言学与宏观语言学）Theformerstudiesonlythestructureoflanguagesystemwhereasthelatterdealswitheverythingthatisrelatedtolanguages.

langueandparole（语言与言语）Theformerreferstotheabstractlinguisticssystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhereasthelatterreferstotheconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationbyanindividualspeaker.

competenceandperformance（语言能力与语言运用）Theformerisone’sknowledgeofallthelinguisticregulationsystemswhereasthelatteristheuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.

speechandwriting（口头语与书面语）Speechisthespokenformoflanguagewhereaswritingiswrittencodes,giveslanguagenewscope.

linguisticsbehaviorpotentialandactuallinguisticbehavior（语言行为潜势与实际语言行为）Peopleactuallysaysonacertainoccasiontoacertainpersonisactuallinguisticsbehavior.Andeachofpossiblelinguisticitemsthathecouldhavesaidislinguisticbehaviorpotential.

syntagmaticrelationandparadigmaticrelation（横组合关系与纵聚合关系）Theformerdescribesthehorizontaldimensionofalanguagewhilethelatterdescribestheverticaldimensionofalanguage.

verbalcommunicationandnon-verbalcommunication（言语交际与非言语交际）Usualuseoflanguageasameansoftransmittinginformationiscalledverbalcommunication.Thewaysweconveymeaningwithoutusinglanguageiscallednon-verbalcommunication.

★HowdoesJohnLyonsclassifylinguistics

AccordingtoJohnLyons,thefieldoflinguisticsasawholecanbedividedintoseveralsubfieldsasfollowing:

1）Generallinguisticsanddescriptivelinguistics.

2）Synchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics.

3）Theoreticallinguisticsandappliedlinguistics.

4）Microlinguisticsandmacrolinguistics.

Explainthethreeprinciplesbywhichthelinguistisguided:

consistency,adequacyandsimplicity.

1）Consistencymeansthatthereshouldbenocontradictionsbetweendifferentpartsofthetheoryandthedescription.

2）Adequacymeansthatthetheorymustbebroadenoughinscopetooffersignificantgeneralizations.

3）Simplicityrequiresustobeasbriefandeconomicaspossible.

★Whatarethesub-branchesoflinguisticswithinthelanguagesystem

Withinthelanguagesystemtherearesixsub-branchesasfollowing:

1）Phonetics.语音学isastudyofspeechsoundsofallhumanlanguages.

2）Phonology.音位学studiesaboutthesoundsandsoundpatternsofaspeaker’snativelanguage.

3）Morphology.形态学studiesabouthowawordisformed.

4）Syntax.句法学studiesaboutwhetherasentenceisgrammaticalornot.

5）Semantics.语义学studiesaboutthemeaningoflanguage,includingmeaningofwordsandmeaningofsentences.

6）Pragmatics.语用学

★Thescopeoflanguage:

Linguisticsisreferredtoasascientificstudyoflanguage.

★Thescientificprocessoflinguisticstudy:

Itinvolvesfourstages:

collectingdata,formingahypothesis,testingthehypothesisanddrawingconclusions.

Chapter3Phonetics语音学

articulatoryphonetics（发音语音学）Thestudyofhowspeechorgansproducethesoundsiscalledarticulatoryphonetics.

acousticphonetics（声学语音学）Thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesandofthetransmissionofspeechsoundsiscalledacousticphonetics.

auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）Thestudyofthewayhearersperceivespeechsoundsiscalledauditoryphonetics.

consonant（辅音）Consonantisaspeechsoundwheretheairformthelanguageiseithercompletelyblocked,orpartiallyblocked,orwheretheopeningbetweenthespeechorgansissonarrowthattheairescapeswithaudiblefriction.

vowel（元音）isdefinedasaspeechsoundinwhichtheairfromthelungsisnotblockedinanywayandispronouncedwithvocal-cordvibration.

bilabials（双唇音）Bilabialsmeansthatconsonantsforwhichtheflowofairisstoppedorrestrictedbythetwolips.[p][b][m][w]

affricates（塞擦音）Thesoundproducedbystoppingtheairstreamandthenimmediatelyreleasingitslowlyiscalledaffricates.[tX][dY][tr][dr]

glottis（声门）Glottisisthespacebetweenthevocalcords.

roundedvowel（圆唇元音）Roundedvowelisdefinedasthevowelsoundpronouncedbythelipsformingacircularopening.[u:

][u][OB][O]

diphthongs（双元音）Diphthongsareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.[ei][ai][Oi][Qu][au]

triphthongs（三合元音）Triphthongsarethosewhichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherandthenrapidlyandcontinuouslytoathirdone.[eiQ][aiQ][OiQ][QuQ][auQ]

laxvowels（松元音）Accordingtodistinctionoflongandshortvowels,vowelsareclassifiedtensevowelsandlaxvowels.Allthelongvowelsaretensevowelsbutoftheshortvowels,[e]isatensevowelaswell,andtherestshortvowelsarelaxvowels.

1.★Howareconsonantsclassifiedintermsofdifferentcriteria

TheconsonantsinEnglishcanbedescribedintermsoffourdimensions.

Thepositionofthesoftpalate.

Thepresenceortheabsenceofvocal-cordvibration.

Theplaceofarticulation.

Themannerofarticulation.

★Howarevowelsclassifiedintermsofdifferentcriteria

Vowelsoundsaredifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors.

Thestateofthevelum

Thepositionofthetongue.

Theopennessofthemouth.

Theshapeofthelips.

Thelengthofthevowels.

Thetensionofthemusclesatpharynx.

★Whatarethethreesub-branchesofphoneticsHowdotheydifferfromeachother

Phoneticshasthreesub-branchesasfollowing:

Articulatoryphoneticsisthestudyofhowspeechorgansproducethesoundsiscalledarticulatoryphonetics.

Acousticphoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesandofthetransmissionofspeechsoundsiscalledacousticphonetics.

Auditoryphoneticsisthestudyofthewayhearersperceivespeechsoundsiscalledauditoryphonetics.

★Whatarethecommonlyusedphoneticfeaturesforconsonantsandvowelsrespectively

I.Thefrequentlyusedphoneticfeaturesforconsonantsincludethefollowing:

Voiced.

Nasal.

Consonantal.

Vocalic.

Continuant.

Anterior.

Coronal.

Aspirated.

II.Themostcommonphoneticfeaturesforvowelsincludethefollowing:

High.

Low.

Front.

Back.

Rounded.

Tense.

Chapter4Phonology音位学

phonemes（音位）Phonemesareminimal