英语语言学概论整理.docx

1、英语语言学概论整理Chapter 1 Language语言Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.Productivity (能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their

2、 native language.arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning.symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention.discreten

3、ess (离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct.displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users.duality of structure (结构二重性) The

4、 organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure.culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance.in

5、terchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.What is languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language.First, language is a system.

6、Second, language is arbitrary in the sense.The third feature of language is symbolic nature. What are the design features of languageLanguage has seven design features as following:1) Productivity. 2) Discreteness.3) Displacement4) Arbitrariness.5) Cultural transmission6) Duality of structure.7) Int

7、erchangeability. Why do we say language is a systemBecause elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and

8、 the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other. (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of childrens language And what are the three functional components of adult languageHalliday uses the following terms to refer

9、 to the initial functions of childrens language:1) Instrumental function. 工具功能2) Regulatory function. 调节功能3) Representational function. 表现功能4) Interactional function. 互动功能5) Personal function. 自指性功能6) Heuristic function. 启发功能 osbQtqkfh7) Imaginative function. 想象功能Adult language has three functional

10、components as following:1) Interpersonal components. 人际2) Ideational components.概念3) Textual components.语篇Chapter 2 Linguistics语言学general linguistics and descriptive linguistics (普通语言学与描写语言学) The former deals with language in general whereas the latter is concerned with one particular language.synch

11、ronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics (共时语言学与历时语言学) Diachronic linguistics traces the historical development of the language and records the changes that have taken place in it between successive points in time. And synchronic linguistics presents an account of language as it is at some parti

12、cular point in time. theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics (理论语言学与应用语言学) The former copes with languages with a view to establishing a theory of their structures and functions whereas the latter is concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of p

13、ractical tasks.microlinguistics and macrolinguistics (微观语言学与宏观语言学) The former studies only the structure of language system whereas the latter deals with everything that is related to languages.langue and parole (语言与言语) The former refers to the abstract linguistics system shared by all the members o

14、f a speech community whereas the latter refers to the concrete act of speaking in actual situation by an individual petence and performance (语言能力与语言运用) The former is ones knowledge of all the linguistic regulation systems whereas the latter is the use of language in concrete situation.speech and wri

15、ting (口头语与书面语) Speech is the spoken form of language whereas writing is written codes, gives language new scope.linguistics behavior potential and actual linguistic behavior (语言行为潜势与实际语言行为) People actually says on a certain occasion to a certain person is actual linguistics behavior. And each of pos

16、sible linguistic items that he could have said is linguistic behavior potential.syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation (横组合关系与纵聚合关系) The former describes the horizontal dimension of a language while the latter describes the vertical dimension of a language.verbal communication and non-verbal

17、 communication (言语交际与非言语交际) Usual use of language as a means of transmitting information is called verbal communication. The ways we convey meaning without using language is called non-verbal communication.How does John Lyons classify linguisticsAccording to John Lyons, the field of linguistics as a

18、 whole can be divided into several subfields as following: 1) General linguistics and descriptive linguistics.2) Synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics.3) Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics.4) Microlinguistics and macrolinguistics.Explain the three principles by which the lin

19、guist is guided: consistency, adequacy and simplicity.1) Consistency means that there should be no contradictions between different parts of the theory and the description.2) Adequacy means that the theory must be broad enough in scope to offer significant generalizations.3) Simplicity requires us t

20、o be as brief and economic as possible.What are the sub-branches of linguistics within the language systemWithin the language system there are six sub-branches as following:1) Phonetics. 语音学 is a study of speech sounds of all human languages.2) Phonology. 音位学 studies about the sounds and sound patte

21、rns of a speakers native language.3) Morphology. 形态学 studies about how a word is formed.4) Syntax. 句法学 studies about whether a sentence is grammatical or not. 5) Semantics. 语义学 studies about the meaning of language, including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.6) Pragmatics. 语用学 The scope of

22、language: Linguistics is referred to as a scientific study of language.The scientific process of linguistic study: It involves four stages: collecting data, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis and drawing conclusions.Chapter 3 Phonetics语音学articulatory phonetics(发音语音学) The study of how speec

23、h organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.acoustic phonetics (声学语音学) The study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.auditory phonetics (听觉语音学) The study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phoneti

24、cs.consonant (辅音) Consonant is a speech sound where the air form the language is either completely blocked, or partially blocked, or where the opening between the speech organs is so narrow that the air escapes with audible friction.vowel (元音) is defined as a speech sound in which the air from the l

25、ungs is not blocked in any way and is pronounced with vocal-cord vibration.bilabials (双唇音) Bilabials means that consonants for which the flow of air is stopped or restricted by the two lips. p b m waffricates (塞擦音) The sound produced by stopping the airstream and then immediately releasing it slowly

26、 is called affricates. tX dY tr drglottis (声门) Glottis is the space between the vocal cords.rounded vowel (圆唇元音) Rounded vowel is defined as the vowel sound pronounced by the lips forming a circular opening. u: u OB Odiphthongs (双元音) Diphthongs are produced by moving from one vowel position to anoth

27、er through intervening positions.eiaiOi Quautriphthongs (三合元音) Triphthongs are those which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another and then rapidly and continuously to a third one. eiQaiQOiQ QuQauQlax vowels (松元音) According to distinction of long and short vowels, vowels are classi

28、fied tense vowels and lax vowels. All the long vowels are tense vowels but of the short vowels,e is a tense vowel as well, and the rest short vowels are lax vowels.1. How are consonants classified in terms of different criteriaThe consonants in English can be described in terms of four dimensions.Th

29、e position of the soft palate.The presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration.The place of articulation.The manner of articulation.How are vowels classified in terms of different criteriaVowel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors.The state of the velumThe position of the tongue.The o

30、penness of the mouth.The shape of the lips.The length of the vowels.The tension of the muscles at pharynx.What are the three sub-branches of phonetics How do they differ from each otherPhonetics has three sub-branches as following:Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech organs produce the

31、sounds is called articulatory phonetics.Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.Auditory phonetics is the study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phonetics.What are the commonly used p

32、honetic features for consonants and vowels respectivelyI. The frequently used phonetic features for consonants include the following:Voiced.Nasal.Consonantal.Vocalic.Continuant.Anterior.Coronal.Aspirated.II. The most common phonetic features for vowels include the following:High.Low.Front.Back.Rounded.Tense.Chapter 4 Phonology 音位学phonemes (音位) Phonemes are minimal