高智威PREP逻辑解析.docx

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高智威PREP逻辑解析.docx

高智威PREP逻辑解析

 

高智威PREP逻辑解析

 

PracticeTest#1CriticalReasoning(72Questions)

1.(24179-!

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Althoughfullerenes--sphericalmoleculesmadeentirelyofcarbon--werefirstfoundinthelaboratory,theyhavesincebeenfoundinnature,formedinfissuresoftheraremineralshungite.Sincelaboratorysynthesisoffullerenesrequiresdistinctiveconditionsoftemperatureandpressure,thisdiscoveryshouldgivegeologistsatestcaseforevaluatinghypothesesaboutthestateoftheEarth'scrustatthetimethesenaturallyoccurringfullereneswereformed.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyunderminestheargument?

(A)Confirmingthattheshungitegenuinelycontainedfullerenestookcarefulexperimentation.

(B)Somefullereneshavealsobeenfoundontheremainsofasmallmeteoritethatcollidedwithaspacecraft.

(C)Themineralshungiteitselfcontainslargeamountsofcarbon,fromwhichthefullerenesapparentlyformed.

(D)Thenaturallyoccurringfullerenesarearrangedinapreviouslyunknowncrystallinestructure.

(E)Shungiteitselfisformedonlyunderdistinctiveconditions.

削弱题

原因:

fullerenes要求特别温度和湿度

结论:

thisdiscovery可以检测stateoftheearth’scrustatthetimefullereneswereformed.

正确答案作用:

此discovery对于检测thestateofEarth’scrustatthetimefullerenes没有用

思考:

1.回溯原因:

”discovery有没有用”一定与fullerenes相关,因为本题的最根本原因就是fullerenes.因此一定是fullerenes让thisdiscovery不能来检测地壳状态;

选项分析:

E:

没有提到fullerenes,干掉!

;

B:

有模糊词some,然而文章结论无绝对词,干掉!

;

C:

fullerenes是如何形成的,跟检测thestateofearth’scrust无关;

A:

是迷惑的选项。

confirming矿石含有fullerenes需要仔细实验,说明要在矿石中发现fullerenes挺麻烦,但是并不能说明发现fullerenes会对检测fullerenes产生影响;

D:

fullerenes晶体结构我们不知道,无法从它来了解thestateofearth’scrust.正确答案!

知识点:

确认原因结论,回溯原因,模糊词汇

词汇扩展:

fissures,crust,meteorite,crystalline

常难句阅读:

ThisdiscoveryshouldgivegeologistsatestcaseforevaluatinghypothesesaboutthestateoftheEarth'scrustatthetimethesenaturallyoccurringfullereneswereformed.

2.(24227-!

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Economist:

Onaverage,theemergencytreatmentforanelderlypersonforinjuriesresultingfromafallcosts$11,000.Anewtherapeuticprogramcansignificantlyreduceanelderlyperson'schancesoffalling.Thoughobviouslydesirableformanyreasons,thistreatmentprogramwillcost$12,500andthuscannotbejustified.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyunderminestheconclusionoftheargument?

(A)Amongelderlypeoplewhohadfollowedtheprogramforonlyafewmonths,thenumberofseriousfallsreportedwashigherthanitwasforpeoplewhohadfollowedtheprogramforitsrecommendedminimumlengthofoneyear.

(B)Fallsresultinginseriousinjuriesarelesscommonamongelderlypeoplelivinginnursinghomesthantheyareamongelderlypeoplewholivealoneathome.

(C)Afrequentresultofinjuriessustainedinfallsislong-termpain,medicationforwhichisnotcountedamongtheaverageper-personcostsofemergencytreatmentforelderlypeople'sinjuriesfromsuchfalls.

(D)Thenewtherapeuticprogramfocusesontherapiesotherthanmedication,sinceovermedicationcancausedisorientationandhenceincreasethelikelihoodthatanelderlypersonwillhaveaseriousfall.

(E)Asignificantportionofthecostofthenewtherapeuticprogramisrepresentedbyregularvisitsbyhealthcareprofessionals,thecostsofwhichtendtoincreasemorerapidlythandothoseofotherelementsoftheprogram.

削弱题

原因:

thistreatmentprogramwillcost$12,500

结论:

cannotbejustified.

正确答案作用:

newprogramcanbejustified.

思考:

1.回溯原因:

newprogram可不可以被justified,决定因素就是cost的高低,所以答案一定跟钱有关系,特别是cost。

一定是说newprogram的cost其实不高;

选项分析:

A:

没有提到钱,并且比较对象在文中未出现:

peoplewhohadfollowedtheprogramforitsrecommendedminimumlengthofoneyear在文中未出现;

B:

没有提到钱,并且比较对象在文中未出现:

elderlypeoplelivinginnursinghomes

D:

没有提到钱,并且有范围扩大词“otherthan”,文中确定没有提高除medication之外的其它方式,干掉!

E:

提到了钱,意思上是说newprogram中的有一部分cost高于另一部分。

但是比较对象在文中为出现:

hoseofotherelementsoftheprogram.

C:

老的emergencytreatment的cost,有很大一部分没有被算进去,如果被算进去,老的emergencytreatment的cost就会上升,有可能高于newprogram,那newprogramcanbejustified.正确选项。

知识点:

确认原因结论,回溯原因,无关比较,范围扩大词

词汇扩展:

therapies

常难句阅读:

Amongelderlypeoplewhohadfollowedtheprogramforonlyafewmonths,thenumberofseriousfallsreportedwashigherthanitwasforpeoplewhohadfollowedtheprogramforitsrecommendedminimumlengthofoneyear.

3.(24275-!

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Theprairievole,asmallNorthAmericangrasslandrodent,breedsyear-round,andagroupofvoleslivingtogetherconsistsprimarilyofanextendedfamily,oftenincludingtwoormorelitters.Volescommonlyliveinlargegroupsfromlateautumnthroughwinter;fromspringthroughearlyautumn,however,mostvolesliveinfarsmallergroups.Theseasonalvariationingroupsizecanprobablybeexplainedbyaseasonalvariationinmortalityamongyoungvoles.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,providesthestrongestsupportfortheexplanationoffered?

(A)Itisinthespringandearlysummerthatprairievolecommunitiesgenerallycontainthehighestproportionofyoungvoles.

(B)Prairievolepopulationsvarydramaticallyinsizefromyeartoyear.

(C)Theprairievolesubsistsprimarilyonbroad-leavedplantsthatareabundantonlyinspring.

(D)Wintersintheprairievoles'habitatareoftenharsh,withtemperaturesthatdropwellbelowfreezing.

(E)Snakes,amajorpredatorofyoungprairievoles,areactiveonlyfromspringthroughearlyautumn.

加强题

解释:

aseasonalvariationinmortalityamongyoungvoles.

现象:

Theseasonalvariationingroupsize

正确答案作用:

确实是因为seasonalvariationinmortality导致的seasonalvariationingroupsize

思考:

1.加强解释有两种方式:

一,“没有此原因就没有此结果”二,“用另外一个原因来解释这个“解释”;如果是第一种,那答案就是如果mortality不变,groupszie也不变;如果是第二种,那答案就是解释了为什么“mortalityamongyoungvoles会变化”;

2.第一种答案通常是“类比”;第二种像“解释题”,无论如何都会出现“新词”“新概念”

选项分析:

A.加强文中的“现象”;

B:

与文中现象类似的另外一种现象;

C:

文章中说在spring,groupsize较小,而C选项却说vole吃的东西只有在spring有;

D:

冬天天气很差,这是一个另外的原因来解释了现象(groupsize),不正确;

E:

有新词新概念,很好。

蛇经常在春天到秋天早期活动。

这解释了为什么mortality会变化,用另外一个原因解释了文章中的“解释(mortality)”。

正确答案;

知识点:

加强解释

词汇扩展:

breed,mortality,variation,prairie

常难句阅读:

Theprairievole,asmallNorthAmericangrasslandrodent,breedsyear-round,andagroupofvoleslivingtogetherconsistsprimarilyofanextendedfamily,oftenincludingtwoormorelitters.

4.(24323-!

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Apopularbeachhaslonghadadolphinfeedingprograminwhichfisharegiventodolphinsseveraltimesaday;manydolphinsgetasmuchashalfoftheirfoodeachdaythere.Althoughdolphinsthatfirstbenefitfromtheprogramasadultsarehealthyandlong-lived,theiroffspringhavealowerlifeexpectancythanoffspringofdolphinsthatfeedexclusivelyinthewild.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplainthelowerlifeexpectancyofoffspringofdolphinsfeedingatthebeachcomparedtootheryoungdolphins?

(A)Sharksthatpreyondolphinsarelesscommonintheopenseasoffthebeachthaninmanyotherareasoftheopenseaswheredolphinscongregate.

(B)Manyoftheadultdolphinsthatfeedatthebeacharefemalesthatnursetheiroffspringthere.

(C)Thefishgiventothedolphinsatthebeacharethesametypesoffishthatdolphinstypicallycatchinthewild.

(D)Manydolphinsthatfeedatthebeachwiththeiroffspringcometothebeachonlyafewtimesamonth.

(E)Adultdolphinsthatfeedatthebeachspendmuchlesstimeteachingtheiroffspringhowtocatchfishinthewildthandootheradultdolphins.

解释题

需要解释的现象:

Theiroffspringhavealowerlifeexpectancythanoffspringofdolphinsthatfeedexclusivelyinthewild.

现象分析:

1.此现象为一个“比较”的现象,所以优先考虑“比较”的选项;

2.此现象中含有“地点beach”,所以优先考虑含有“地点beach”的选项;

选项分析:

A:

manyother是范围扩大词,文中没有提到过所有的dolphin,并且比较的两个对象与需要解释的现象中的两个对象有差距;

B:

不是比较的选项;

C:

不是比较的选项;

D:

不是比较的选项;

E:

是比较的选项,并且含有地点beach.因为此beach上的成年dolphin比起其它的成年dolphin教后代捕鱼的时间少,所以他们后代的生命更短;

知识点:

解释现象分析;

词汇扩展:

dolphin,expectancy,offspring

5.(24371-!

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TigersharksarecommoninthewaterssurroundingTenareIsland.Usuallytigersharksfeedonsmallersharks,butsometimestheyhaveattackedtouristsswimmingandsurfingatTenare'sbeaches.ThishashurtTenare'stourismindustry,whichissecondonlytoitsfishingindustryinannualrevenues.Inordertohelptheeconomy,therefore,themayoroftheislandhasproposedanongoingprogramtokillanytigersharkswithinamileofthebeaches.

Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststronglycallsintoquestionthelikelihoodthatimplementationofthemayor'sproposalwillhavethedesiredconsequence?

(A)Evenifnotallthetigersharksthatcomeclosetothebeachesarekilled,theexistenceoftheprogramwouldreassuretourists.

(B)Businessownerswhodependontourismarewillingtopaymostofthecostofimplementingtheprogram.

(C)TouristscometoTenareIslandforitsbeaches,eventhoughtheislandfeaturesanumberofothertouristattractions.

(D)Thesmallsharksonwhichtigersharkspreyfeedonfishthatarecommerciallyimportanttotheisland'sfisheries.

(E)NotalltouristswhocometoTenareIslandenjoyswimmingorsurfing.

削弱题

措施:

killanytigersharkswithinamileofthebeaches.

目的:

Inordertohelptheeconomy

正确答案作用:

措施做了之后,有一个新原因(一般文中没有)会让目的达不到;也就是killtigersharks之后,也不能帮助经济;

思考:

1.目的相关选项:

由于正确答案是“帮助不了经济”,所以正确答案一定与经济相关。

2.回溯原因:

文中提到与经济相关的信息就是“tourist”和”fishingindustry”,所以正确答案一定跟这两个信息相关;

选项分析:

A.模糊词:

notall.文中的目的没有模糊词,所以不选;意思上,reassuretourist是可以帮助经济的,刚好相反;

B:

意思是说措施可行,错!

C:

旅行者仍然会来,经济会好,错!

E:

模糊词:

notall.文中的目的没有模糊词,所以不选;

D:

tigersharks吃smallsharks吃fish.所以杀死tigersharks让smallsharks更多,从而让fish更好。

然而fish刚好是commerciallyimportant的,所以killtigersharks不能帮助经济;正确答案。

知识点:

削弱措施,模糊词

词汇扩展:

surf,mayor,implement,commercially

常难句阅读:

Thesmallsharksonwhichtigersharkspreyfeedonfishthatarecommerciallyimportanttotheisland's

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