应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译.docx
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应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译
Unit1TheRootsofChemistry
I.Comprehension.
1.C2.B3.D4.C5.B
II.Makeasentenceoutofeachitembyrearrangingthewordsinbrackets.
1.Thepurificationofanorganiccompoundisusuallyamatterofconsiderabledifficulty,anditisnecessarytoemployvariousmethodsforthispurpose.
2.Scienceisanever-increasingbodyofaccumulatedandsystematizedknowledgeandisalsoanactivitybywhichknowledgeisgenerated.
3.Life,afterall,isonlychemistry,infact,asmallexampleofchemistryobservedonasinglemundaneplanet.
4.Peoplearemadeofmolecules;someofthemoleculesinpeoplearerathersimplewhereasothersarehighlycomplex.
5.Chemistryiseverpresentinourlivesfrombirthtodeathbecausewithoutchemistrythereisneitherlifenordeath.
6.Mathematicsappearstobealmostashumankindandalsopermeatesallaspectsofhumanlife,althoughmanyofusarenotfullyawareofthis.
III.Translation.
1.（a）chemicalprocess（b）naturalscience（c）thetechniqueofdistillation
2.Itistheatomsthatmakeupiron,water,oxygenandthelike/andsoon/andsoforth/andotherwise.
3.Chemistryhasaverylonghistory,infact,humanactivityinchemistrygoesbacktoprerecordedtimes/predatingrecordedtimes.
4.Accordingto/Fromtheevaporationofwater,peopleknow/realizedthatliquidscanturn/be/changeintogasesundercertainconditions/circumstance/environment.
5.Youmustknowthepropertiesofthematerialbeforeyouuseit.
IV.Translation
化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。
自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行，甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。
人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。
这三步是：
（I）物理进化（化学元素的产生），（II）化学进化（分子和生物分子的形成）；和（III）生物进化（有机物的形成和发展）。
V.Solution:
（1）Therelativemassof1Hand12Catomscanbecalculatedfromtheirabsolutemassesingrams.
Ifthemassofa12Catomisexactly12amu,thenthemassofa1Hatomtofivesignificantfiguresmustbe1.0078amu.
12amux0.083986=1.0078amu
（2）
Firstwecalculatekandthenusethefirst-orderrateequation.
Thebonewastossedaway（moreprecisely,theanimalwhosebonewasdied）about6100yearsago,orabout4100B.C.Wecanthusbesurethatavillagewasinexistenceatthatplaceatthattime.
Unit7TheNomenclatureofInorganicSubstances
I.Comprehension
1.A2.B3.C4.C5.B
II.Givethesystematicnameforthefollowing
ammoniumion;copper（
）ion;strontiumion;
Ccopper（
）ion;iron（
）ion;zincion;
hydrogenion;lead（（
）ion;aluminum;
silverion;magnesiumion;chromium（
）ion;
Barium;Manganese（
）ion;iron（
）ion;
calciumion;mercury（
）ion;
chromium（
）ion;tin（
）ion.
carbonmonoxide;ditrogentrioxide;
carbondioxide;diphosphoruspentoxide;
sulfurtrioxide;dichlorineheptoxide
arsenateion;sulfiteion;hydrideion;
arseniteion;bromideion;hydroxideion;
phosphateion;chlorateion;hypochloriteion;
phosphateion;chlorideion;iodateion;
carbonateion;chloriteion;nitrateion;
chromateion;cyanideion;iodideion;
dichromateion;fluorideion;nitrateion;
oxideion;hydrogencarbonateion;nitriteion;
sulfideion;hydrogensulfateion;perchlorateion;
sulfateion;hydrogensulfiteion;permanganateion.
III.Completethetable.
Formula
Oldname
Systematicname
FeO
iron（
）oxide
Fe2O3
iron（
）oxide
Sn（OH）2
tin（
）hydroxide
Sn（OH）4
tin（
）hydroxide
Hg2SO4
mercury（
）sulfate
HgSO4
mercury（
）sulfate
NaCLO
sodiumhypochlorite
K2Cr2O7
potassiumdichromate
Cu3（AsO4）2
copper（
）arsenate
Cr（C2H3O2）3
chromium（
）acetate
IV.Acidnamesmaybeobtaineddirectlyfromitsacidionbychangingthenameoftheacidion（negativeion）.Usetheruletogivethenameofthefollowingacid.
Formulaofacid
Oldname
Nameofacid
H2CO3
carbonicacid
HClO2
chlorousacid
HClO4
perchloricacid
HCN
hydrocyanicacid
HBr
hydrobromicacid
H4SiO4
silicicacid
H3AsO4
arsenicacid
V.Completethesentenceswiththeproperformofthewordgivenattheendofthesentence.
1.isaltered;2.Toillustrate3.indicates4.shouldexpect5.wouldcancel
6.arepulled7.dependon8.are;referred9.formed10.havediscussed
VI.Translation
1.Mattercanneitherbecreatednorbedestroyed/eliminated.
2.Itisnecessarythatascientistmustknowhowtousefingurestogetanaccutateanswertoquestion.
3.Anysubstanceismadeofatomswhetheritissolid,liquidorgas.
4.Theexperimentwassuccessful.It’sresultswasthesameaswhatwehadexpected.
5.Itwillnotbelongbeforewefinishtheexperiment.
VII.Writeequationsforthefollowingacid-basereactions.Usetheinformationininorganictextbooktopredictwhethertheequilibriumwillfavorthereactantsortheproducts.（PartiallySolved）
Solutinto（a）:
CyanideistheconjugatebaseofHCN.Itcanacceptaprotonfromformicacid:
Readingfrominorganictextbook,formicacid（pKa=3.76）isastrongeracidthanHCN（pKa=9.22）,andcyanideisastrongerbasethanformate.Theproducts（weakeracidandbase）arefavored.
…………..
VIII.Writeequationsforthenetreactionswhichoccurwhenthefollowingmaterialsareaddedtoasodium-ammoniasolution.
Answer:
（1）2CH3GeH3+2eam-→H2+2CH3GeH2-
（2）I2+2eam-→2I-
（3）（C2H5）2S+2eam-+NH3→C2H5S-+C2H6+NH2-
Unit10NomenclatureofHydrocarbons
I.Comprehension
1.C2.D3.B4.A5.B6.B
II.NamethefollowingcompoundsbytheIUPACsystem
1
CH3（CH2）nCH3（n=2,3,4,6,respectively）
butane,pentane,hexane,octane
2
（CH3）2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
2-methylpentane
3
（CH3）3C-CH2-CH（C2H5）-CH2-CH3
4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane
4
（CH3）2CH-CH2CH2-CH（CH2CH2CH3）-CH（CH3）2
5-isopropyl-2-methyloctane
5
CH3-CH2-CH2-C（CH2CH2CH3）2-CH（CH3）2
4-isopropyl-4-propylheptane
6
◇-CH2-CH（CH3）2
isobutylcyclobutane
7
CH2=C（C2H5）（CH（CH3）2）
2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene
8
CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CHCl-CH3
2-chloro-3-hexene
9
CH3-CH（CH3）-CH（C2H5）-C≡C-CH3
4-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyne
10
CH2=CH-C≡CH
1-buten-3-yne
11
（CH3）2CH-CH2CH（OH）CH3
4-methyl-2-pentanol
12
CH3CH2CH=CHCH（OH）CH3
3-hexen-2-ol
13
（CH3）3C-OH
2-methyl-2-propanol
14
（CH3）3C-OCH2H5
2-ethoxy-2-methylpropane
15
（CH3）2CH-CH2-O-C2H5
1-ethoxy-2-methylpropane
16
（CH2OH）2
1,2-ethanediol
17
CH3-CH（OH）-CH2（OH）
1,2-proanediol
18
CH2（OH）-CH（OH）-CH2（OH）
1,2,3-propanetriol
19
CH3CH2NH2
aminoethane
20
CH3CH2CH2CH（CH3）CH-NH-CH3
N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpentane
III.Drawstructuresforthefollowingcompounds.
1
3-octene
C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C
2
3-methy-2-heptene
3
cyclohexene
4
2-pentyne
C-C≡C-C-C
5
3,3-dimethylhexyne
6
3-bromotoluene
7
vinylchloride
C=C-Cl
8
acetylene
C≡C
9
para-dichlorobenzene
10
m-chlorobromobenzene
11
toluene
12
chlorobenzene
13
1,2-dibromobenzene
14
naphthalene
15
anthracene
16
phenanthrene
17
2-methyl-1-propanol
18
Cyclohexanol
19
Methoxyethene
20
trans-2-ethoxycyclohexanol
IV.Decidewhichitembestcompleteseachunfinishedsentence.
1.A2.A3.B4.C
V.Eachofthefollowingnamesisincorrect.Drawthestructurerepresentedbytheincorrectname（oraconsistentstructureifthenameisambiguous）,andgiveyourdrawingthecorrectname.
（…………）
Unit11CarboxylicAcidsandTheirDerivatives
I.Comprehension
1.B2.B3.C4.D5.A6.C
II.Fillintheblankswiththephrasesgivenbelow.
1.broughtout2.dozenorso;puttogether3.aremadeof;dividedby4.aredifferentfrom5.onthecontrary;consistof6.summedup7.standfor8.suchas9.are;dependenton10.breakdowninto
III.Putinproperprepositionsoradverbsintotheblanks.
1.with;as2.to3.about4.from5.into
IV.Translation
1.Similarly,solventalsomaynotbeliquidmatterbuttheothers
2.Agraphplottingsolubilityagainsttemperatureiscalledasolubilitycurve.
（Thecurveplotdrawn（made/produced）bysolubilityasonecoordinateandtemperatureasanothercoordinateiscalledsolubilitycurve.）
3.Airismixtureofgases,themostabundantofwhichisnitrogenintheformofN2（molecules）.
4.Thedirectionofthereactionandthepositionoftheequilibriummayalsobeaffectedbythetemperature,pressure,andotherconditions.
5.Hydrogenhasagreataffinityforoxygenandeasilycombineswithittoformwater.
V.Translation
玻意尔（Bohr）模型提出不久后，人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的模型要复杂得多。
实验证实电子既有粒子的性质（质量）也有光的特性（波的特性）。
因为它的两重性，电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单粒子，而且如Bohr所说的，如果电子高速运动，我们就不能确切地知道它的位置。
Unit13UltravioletandVisibleMolecularSpectroscopy
I.Comprehension
1.C2.D3.D4.D5.B
II.Fillintheblanks
of;as;in;out;In;for;for;of;in;then;to;for;since（for）;into.
III.Filltheblankineachsentencewithanappropriatephraseinitsproperform.
1.accountfor2.takepartin3.thinkof….as4.Ascomparedwith
5.isattachedto6.onthecontrary7.Asinthecaseof8.incontrastwithasagainst9.owingto10.Exceptfor.
Unit17Crystallisation
I.Comprehension
1.D2.A3.A4.D5.A
II.Fillintheblankswiththeproperwordgivenbelow.
Stage;interna;symmetrical;basis;physical;Furthermore;composed;responsible;reasonable;overall.
III.Choosetheitemfrom
（1）~（6）thatbestmatchestheitemin（a）~（f）tomakeacorrectsentence.
1~a;2~b;3~c;4~d;5~e;6~f
.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese
共沸物；类质同晶；过饱和；砷酸盐；晶核；异丙基；醇；钠；硫酸盐；间甲酚；糖膏；
十水合物；结晶质的；同系物；衍生物；结晶；四硼酸盐；盐析；乙基乙酰苯胺；矿物油。
Uint18Distillation
I.Comprehension
1.B2.D3.A4.A
II.Fillintheblankswiththephrasesgivenbelow.
1.Inorderto2.inrelationto3.inthecaseof4.intheend
5.inanumberof6.leadto7.amessyway
掌握以下词汇:
flashdistillation闪蒸;exitstream出流;equilibriumcurve平衡曲线;weir堰;
redistillation重蒸;apparatus设备;overheadproduct塔顶产物;enthalpy焓;intersection交点;auxiliary辅助装置;rectifyingsection精馏段;reflux回流;
reboll
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