最新职称英语真题理工A文字版部分.docx

最新职称英语真题理工A文字版部分.docx

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最新职称英语真题理工A文字版部分

职称英语真题：

理工A（文字版部分）

　第2部分阅读判断

LackofOxygenDelayedtheRiseofAnimalsonEarth

Scientistshavelongspeculatedastowhyanimalspeciesdidn’tflourishsooner,oncesufficientoxygencoveredtheEarth’ssurface.AnimalsbegantoprosperattheendoftheProterozoicperiod,about800millionyearsago—butwhataboutthebillion-yearstretchbeforethat,whenmostresearchersthinktherealsowasplentyofoxygen?

Well,itseemstheairwasn’tsogreatthen,afterall.

InastudypublishedOct.31inScience,YaleresearcherNoahPlanavskyandhiscolleaguesfoundthatoxygenlevelsduringthe“boringbillion”periodwereonly0.1%ofwhattheyaretoday.Inotherwords,Earth’satmospherecouldn’thavesupportedadiversityofcreatures,nomatterwhatgeneticadvancementswerepoisedtooccur.

“Thereisnoquestionthatgeneticandecologicalinnovationmustultimatelybebehindtheriseofanimals,butitisequallyunavoidablethatanimalsneedacertainlevelofoxygen,”saidPlanavsky,co-leadauthoroftheresearchalongwithChristopherReinhardoftheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnology.“We’reprovidingthefirstevidencethatoxygenlevelswerelowenoughduringthisperiodtopotentiallypreventtheriseofanimals.”

Thescientistsfoundtheirevidencebyanalyzingchromium（Cr）isotopesinancientsedimentsfromChina,Australia,Canada,andtheUnitedStates.ChromiumisfoundintheEarth’scontinentalcrust,andchromiumoxidationisdirectlylinkedtothepresenceoffreeoxygenintheatmosphere.

Specifically,theteamstudiedsamplesdepositedinshallow,iron-richoceanareas,neartheshore.Theycomparedtheirdatawithothersamplestakenfromyoungerlocalesknowntohavehigherlevelsofoxygen.

Oxygen’sroleincontrollingthefirstappearanceofanimalshaslongvexedscientists.“Weweremissingtherightapproachuntilnow,”Planavskysaid.“Chromiumgaveustheproxy.”Previousestimatesputtheoxygenlevelat40%oftoday’sconditionsduringpre-animaltimes,leavingopenthepossibilitythatoxygenwasalreadyplentifulenoughtosupportanimallife.

Inthenewstudy,theresearchersacknowledgedthatoxygenlevelswere“highlydynamic”intheearlyatmosphere,withthepotentialforoccasionalspikes.However,theysaid,“Itseemsclearthatthereisafirst-orderdifferenceinthenatureofEarthsurfaceCrcycling”beforeandaftertheriseofanimals.

“Ifweareright,ourresultswillreallychangehowpeopleviewtheoriginsofanimalsandothercomplexlife,andtheirrelationshipstotheco-evolvingenvironment,”saidco-authorTimLyonsoftheUniversityofCalifornia-Riverside.“Thiscouldbeagamechanger.”

FundingsourcesfortheresearchincludedtheNASAExobiologyProgramandtheNationalScienceFoundation’sEarth-LifeTransitionsprogram,awardedtoPlanavsky,Reinhard,andLyons.

TheothermembersoftheresearchteamincludedXiangliWang,apostdoctoralfellowatYale;ThomasJohnson,oftheUniversityofIllinois;DanielleThomson,ofCarletonUniversity;PeterMcGoldrick,oftheUniversityofTasmania;andWoodwardFischer,oftheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.

16.ThestudydiscoveredtheriseofanimalsoccurredearlierthantheProterozoicperiod.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

17.Manyresearchersbelievetheoxygenlevelwashighduringpre-animaltimes.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

18.Theteamwasfundedbyseveralresearchinstitutes.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

19.Geneticadvancementstriggeredtheriseofanimals.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

20.Thesamplesstudiedintheresearchwerecollectedinoceanareas.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

21.ThestudyrevealedthatchromiumfoundinEarth’scontinentalcrustremainedstablebeforeandaftertheriseofanimals.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

22.TimLyonslikedtoplaycomputergamesinhissparetime.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

第3部分概括大意与完成句子

FirstImage-recognitionSoftware

1.Dartmouthresearchersandtheircolleagueshavecreatedanartificial1,softwarethatusesphotostolocatedocumentsontheInternetwithfargrejthaneverbefore.

2.Thenewsystem,whichwastestedonphotosandisnowbeingappliedto,Ishowsforthefirsttimethatamachinelearningalgorithm（运算法则）or,ma9eIrecognitionandretrievalisaccurateandefficientenoughtoimprovelargeseaie,documentsearchesonline.Thesystemusespixel（像素）datainimagesandpotentiayvideo—ratherthanjusttext—tolocatedocuments.Itlearnstorecognizethepixelsassociatedwithasearchphrasebystudyingtheresultsfromtext-basedimagesearchengines.Theknowledgegleaned（收集）fromthoseresultscanthenbeappliedtootherphotoswithouttagsorcaptionsmakingformoreaccuratedocumentsearchresults.

3.”Overthelast30years,”saysAssociateProfessorLorenzoTorresani,aco-authorofthestudy,“theWebhasevolvedfromasmallcollectionofmostlytextdocumentstoamodern,massive,fast-growingmultimediadataset,wherenearlyeverypageincludesmultiplepicturesorvideos.WhenapersonlooksataWebpage,heimmediatelygetsthegist（主旨）ofitbylookingatthepicturesinit.Yet,surprisingly,allexistingpopularsearchengines,suchasGoogleorBing,stripawaytheinformationcontainedinthephotosanduseexclusivelythetextofWebpagestoperformthedocumentretrieval.Ourstudyisthefirsttoshowthatmodernmachinevisionsystemsareaccurateandefficientenoughtomakeeffectiveuseoftheinformationcontainedinimagepixelstoimprovedocumentsearch.”

4.Theresearchersdesignedandtestedamachinevisionsystem—atypeofartificialintelligencethatallowscomputerstolearnwithoutbeingexplicitlyprogrammed—thatextractssemantic（语义的）informationfromthepixelsofphotosinWebpages.ThisinformationisusedtoenrichthedescriptionoftheHTMLpageusedbysearchenginesfordocumentretrieval.Theresearcherstestedtheirapproachusingmorethan600searchqueries（查询）onadatabaseof50millionWebpages.Theyselectedthetext-rethevalsearchenginewiththebestperformanceandmodifiedittomakeuseoftheadditionalsemanticinformationextractedbytheirmethodfromthepicturesoftheWebpages.Theyfoundthatthisproduceda30percentimprovementinprecisionovertheoriginalsearchenginepurelybasedontext.

23.Paragraph1__B__

24.Paragraph2__C__

25.Paragraph3__E__

26.Paragraph4__D__

A.Popularityofthenewsystem

B.Publicationofthenewdiscovery

C.Functionofthenewsystem

D.Artificialintelligencesoftwarecreated

E.Problemsoftheexistingsearchengines

F.Improvementindocumentretrieval

27.Thenewsystemdoesdocumentretrievalby__C__.

28.Thenewsystemisexpectedtoimproveprecisionin__B__.

29.Whenperformingdocumentretrievaltheexistingsearchenginesignore__A__

30.Thenewsystemwasfoundmoreeffectiveindocumentsearchthanthe__E__

A.informationinimages

B.currentpopularsearchengines

C.usingphotos

D.machinevisionsystems

E.documentsearch

F.descriptionoftheHTMLpage

第4部分阅读理解

BetterSolarEnergySystems:

MoreHeat,MoreLight

Solarphotovoltaicthermalenergysystems,orPVTs,generatebothheatandelectricity,butuntilnowtheyhaven’tbeenverygoodattheheat-generatingpartcomparedtoastand-alonesolarthermalcollector.That’sbecausetheyoperateatlowtemperaturestocoolcrystallinesiliconsolarcells,whichletsthesilicongeneratemoreelectricitybutisn’taveryefficientwaytogatherheat.

That’saproblemofeconomics.Goodsolarhot-watersystemscanharvestmuchmoreenergythanasolar-electricsystematasubstantiallylowercost.Andit’salsoaspaceproblem:

photovoltaiccellscantakeupallthespaceontheroof,leavinglittleroomforthermalapplications.

Inapairofstudies,JoshuaPearce,anassociateprofessorofmaterialsscienceandengineering,hasdevisedasolutionintheformofabetterPVTmadewithadifferentkindofsilicon.HisresearchcollaboratorsareKunalGirotrafromThinSiliconinCaliforniaandMichaelPathakandStephenHarrisonfromQueen’sUniversity,Canada.

Mostsolarpanelsaremadewithcrystallinesilicon,butyoucanalsomakesolarcellsoutofamorphoussilicon,commonlyknownasthin-filmsilicon.Theydon’tcreateasmuchelectricity,buttheyarelighter,flexible,andcheaper.And,becausetheyrequiremuchlesssilicon,theyhaveagreenerfootprint.Unfortunately,thin-filmsiliconsolarcellsarevulnerabletosomebad-newsphysicsintheformoftheStaebler-Wronskieffect.

“Thatmeansthattheirefficiencydropswhenyouexposethemtolight—prettymuchtheworstpossibleeffectforasolarcell,”Pearceexplains,whichisoneofthereasonsthin-filmsolarpanelsmakeuponlyasmallfractionofthemarket.

However,PearceandhisteamfoundawaytoengineeraroundtheStaebler-Wronskieffectbyincorporatingthin-filmsiliconinanewtypeofPVT.Youdon’thavetocooldownthin-filmsilicontomakeitwork.Infact,Pearce’sgroupdiscoveredthatbyheatingittosolar-thermaloperatingtemperatures,neartheboilingpointofwater,theycouldmakethickercellsthatlargelyovercametheStaebler-Wronskieffect.Whentheyappliedthethin-filmsilicondirectlytoasolarthermalenergycollector,theyalsofoundthatbybakingthecellonceaday,theyboostedthesolarcell’selectricalefficiencybyover10percent.

31.PVTsarenotefficientin

A.creatingelectricity.

B.coolingsiliconsolarcells.

C.generatingheat.

D.poweringsolarthermalcollectors.

32.OneoftheproblemsPVTshaveisthat

A.theirthermalapplicationsarecostly.

B.theyaretooexpensivetoafford.

C.itishardtofixthemontheroof.

D.theyoccupytoomuchspace.

33.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasanadvantage