最新职称英语真题理工A文字版部分.docx

1、最新职称英语真题理工A文字版部分职称英语真题：理工A(文字版部分)第2部分 阅读判断 Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth Scientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didnt flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earths surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 milli

2、on years ago but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen? Well,it seems the air wasnt so great then, after all. Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during

3、the “boring billion” period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earths atmosphere couldnthave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancementswere poised to occur. “There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise

4、ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherReinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “Were providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to poten

5、tiallyprevent the rise of animals.” Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earths continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxyg

6、en in the atmosphere. Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen. Oxygensrole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vex

7、ed scientists.“We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gaveus the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of todaysconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life. Inthe ne

8、w study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highlydynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals. “

9、If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be agame changer.” Fundingsources for the research incl

10、uded the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundations Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons. Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; Thomas Johnson, of the University of Illinois; Danielle Thomson, o

11、fCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology. 16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod. A.Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 17.Many researchers believe the oxygen lev

12、el was high during pre-animal times. A. Right B. Wrong C.Not mentioned 18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes. A.Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals. A.Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 20. Thesamples studied in the research were collect

13、ed in ocean areas. A. Right B. Wrong C.Not mentioned 21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earths continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise of animals. A.Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned 22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time. A.Right B. Wrong C. Not menti

14、oned第3部分 概括大意与完成句子 FirstImage-recognition Software 1.Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial 1 ,software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far gre jthan ever before. 2.The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to , Ishow

15、s for the first time that a machine learning algorithm (运算法则)or ,ma9e I recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough toimprove large seaie , document searches online. The system uses pixel (像素)data in images and potentia y video rather than just text to locatedocuments. It learns to re

16、cognize the pixels associated with a search phrase bystudying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledgegleaned (收集) from those results can then beapplied to other photos without tags or captions making for more accuratedocument search results. 3.”Over the last 30 years,” says A

17、ssociate Professor Lorenzo Torresani,a co-author of the study, “the Web has evolved from a small collection ofmostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia dataset,where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a personlooks at a Web page, he immediately get

18、s the gist (主旨)of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popularsearch engines, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained inthe photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the documentretrieval. Our study is the first to show that mode

19、rn machine vision systemsare accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the informationcontained in image pixels to improve document search.” 4.The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system a type ofartificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explic

20、itlyprogrammed that extracts semantic (语义的) information from thepixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich thedescription of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. Theresearchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries (查询)on a database o

21、f 50 million Web pages. They selected the text-retheval searchengine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additionalsemantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Webpages. They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision overthe or

22、iginal search engine purely based on text. 23. Paragraph 1 _B_ 24. Paragraph 2 _C_ 25. Paragraph 3 _E_ 26. Paragraph 4 _D_ A.Popularity of the new system B.Publication of the new discovery C.Function of the new system D.Artificial intelligence software created E.Problems of the existing search engin

23、es F.Improvement in document retrieval 27. The new system does documentretrieval by _C_. 28. The new system is expected toimprove precision in _B_. 29. When performing documentretrieval the existing search engines ignore _A_ 30. The new system was found moreeffective in document search than the _E_

24、A.information in images B.current popular search engines C.using photos D.machine vision systems E.document search F.description of the HTML page第4部分 阅读理解 Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat,More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems,or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but unti

25、l now they havent been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. Thats because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isnta very efficient way to gather heat. Thats

26、a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And its also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications. In a pair of studies, Jo

27、shua Pearce, anassociate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from Thin Silicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queens Universi

28、ty, Canada. Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They dont create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon,they have a

29、 greener footprint. Unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect. “That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains,which is

30、 one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market. However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film siliconin a new type of PVT. You dont have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fac

31、t, Pearces group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector,they also fou

32、nd that by baking the cell once a day, they boosted the solar cells electrical efficiency by over 10 percent. 31. PVTs are not efficient in A. creating electricity. B. cooling silicon solar cells. C. generating heat. D. powering solar thermal collectors. 32. One of the problems PVTs have is that A. their thermala pplications are costly. B. they are too expensive to afford. C. it is hard to fix them on the roof. D. they occupy too much space. 33. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage